Development of neurosurgery and improvement of patient care has been provided by various advances in the knowledge of neurophysiology and neuropharmacology and modern diagnostic and monitoring tools. The discovery and development of general anesthesia are worthy of mention. The challenge in new era is to further improve the quality of life of the patients. Functional neurosurgery and less invasive interventional procedure would be deserved more and more. Anesthetic management for these procedures would be of challenging. Further, it is hoped that the measures to induce ischemic cross-tolerance by certain physico-pharmacological measures can be applied in clinical practice in the future.
neuroanesthesia
brain circulation and metabolism
anesthesia for functional neurosurgery
brain protection
cross-tolerance