We investigated the effects of intracarotid infusion of prostaglandin E2 or intravenous infusion of an endogenous pyrogen on the neuronal activity of the neuronal activity of the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region in rats. The present results suggest that thermore sponsive neurons of the PO/AH region respond well to intravascular application of prostaglandin E2 or the endogenous pyrogen, compared with thermally insensive neurons. Intravenous infusion of the endogenous pyrogen attenuated the activities of warm-responsive and facilitated those of cold-responsive neurons. However, the direction of neuronal response induced by intracarotid infusion of prostaglandin E2 could not be categorized based on the thermoresposiveness of the individual neuron.