As income levels increase, numerous households will consider investing in risky assets. Credit availability, especially for high-income households, is playing an increasingly important role in enhancing households holdings of risky assets (HHRA). The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of credit availability on HHRA. In this study, the data from the China Household Finance Survey in 2017 is utilized, and the approach of logit regression is employed to produce more accurate estimates. Meanwhile, this study also explores the heterogeneous roles of household income. The results show that the impact of credit availability on HHRA varies by household income. As household income increases from low to high, the effect of credit availability on HHRA transfers from negative to positive. Besides, the results also suggest that for high-income households, credit availability moderated with the attention to financial and economic information positively contributes to HHRA. Thus, it implies that policymakers and financial institutions are encouraged to expand access for households to invest in risky assets, enhance households’ availability of credit, and build more financing channels.

The establishment of the environmental protection law reflects the Chinese government's determination to achieve ecological civilization. Since January 1, 2015, when the revised Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China came into effect, environmental public interest litigation in China has been rapidly growing. In the implementation of environmental law, environmental public interest litigation plays an irreplaceable role. The mechanism of environmental public interest litigation will ideally enhance the effectiveness and prevention of environmental protection and become a major contributor to public awareness of environmental protection. Despite the fact that environmental public interest litigation in China has made great progress, there are still many shortcomings and defects. One of the major difficulties facing environmental public interest litigation in China is the lack of standing of plaintiffs in environmental public interest litigation. This paper will explore the necessity of plaintiff status for environmental public interest litigation in China's grassroots self-governance organizations based on the situation of environmental pollution in rural China, using village committees as an example.

As global warming continues to intensify, how to prevent climate deterioration has become a serious concern for all countries. In recent years, although China’s GDP has leap to the second place in the world after the United States, it is accompanied by serious problems of environmental pollution and energy consumption with the rapid development of the economy. Under the common goal of global energy conservation and emission reduction, China has established seven carbon trading markets. Because the energy-chemical industry is a major concern for emission reduction and the carbon trading market has market regulation functions, examining the relationship between them is of great significance and can help the emission reduction effort. This study investigates the relationship between the carbon emission price of China's carbon trading market and the stock price of 30 listed companies in the energychemical industry. We use daily data to establish a panel model and var model, and　then compare it with European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). The result indicates that there is an asymmetric one-way relationship between the carbon emission price and the stock price of the energy-chemical industry in China. The main reason is that the internal endogenous mechanism and external response mechanism of the carbon trading market are not perfect. Then the government should improve relevant legal system and trading system, and furthermore, introduce third-party institutions and strengthen talent pools.

Consumer capability refers to the ability to apply relevant knowledge and perform desirable behavior for achieving wellbeing. Previous research reveals that consumer behavior is more important than knowledge to indicate consumer capability. How to motivate individual consumers to engage in consumption activities that contribute to sustainable development? This is the question this conceptual paper attempts to address. This paper proposes a definition of sustainable consumer behavior and applies a theory-based, conceptual framework to develop action-taking programs in sustainable consumption education. Sustainable consumer behavior is defined as consumer acts that consider current and future interests of themselves and others when they purchase and use market goods. The behavior change theory used here refers to the transtheoretical model of behavior change (TTM), a commonly used behavior change theory in health and finance. The paper demonstrates how to facilitate the development of sustainable consumer behavior in education intervention programs based on principles outlined in TTM with specific examples. Implications for policies and future research are also discussed.

本研究の目的は，文献をもとに「育児困難感」と「育児不安」の用語の整理を行い，今後の支援に繋げる視点を得ることである。検討の結果，「育児困難感」は，実際の母親を取り巻く要因の中で，母親が子どもと対峙することで「母親自身が困っている」状態を示すものと考えられた。また「育児不安」は「育児における漠然とした不安」であり，疲労感や抑うつ状態が生じる可能性や，具体的な対象や問題がない場合でも生じることが考えられた。また「育児困難感」は「相手（子ども）への感情」であり，「育児不安」は「母親自身の不安」であり，2つは質的に異なると考えられ，「育児困難感」と「育児不安」の高低をもとに，5つのタイプに分類を試みた。

本研究は質問紙調査により挫折体験の意味づけとフォーカシング的経験および外傷後成長（Post-Traumatic Growth，以下“PTG”と表記）との関連を検討するものである。パス解析の結果，（1）フォーカシング的経験のうち「体験過程の受容と行動」はPTGを促進すること，（2）挫折体験の意味づけのうち「同化」はフォーカシング的経験の「間が取れている」と「体験過程の確認時間・空間の確保」，「体験過程の受容と行動」を促進し「体験の感受」を抑制すること，また（3）挫折体験の意味づけのうち「調節」は「体験の感受」と「体験過程の受容と行動」を促進すること，（4）人は挫折体験を経験した際，「同化」と「調節」の両方を体験しがちであることが示された。以上より「同化と調節の振り子モデル」が提示され，調節のみならず同化も有機体の実現傾向のあらわれとして位置づけうること，また一見進んでいないようにみえるクライエントのプロセスを受容することが，結果としてプロセスを進めることにつながるうることが示唆された。

本研究の目的は，教員の教育相談研修への参加意欲を高める要因について検討することである。筆者が行った教育相談の継続研修の参加者14名を対象に，研修に継続参加した理由について自由記述による質問紙調査を行った。検討の結果，研修参加の要因として「ニーズや実践とつながる研究内容」「自分を見つめる・他者と共有し受け止められる時間」は「ニーズや実践とつながる研究内容」や「研究方法・環境の工夫」の両方の側面を持つと考えた。

本研究は挫折体験により知覚されたストレスとフォーカシング的態度および自己成長感との関連を検討するものである。パス解析の結果，(1)挫折体験により知覚されたストレスは問題意識性を高め，フォーカシング的態度による吟味のプロセスを経て自己成長感を高めること，(2)挫折体験により知覚されたストレスはフォーカシング的態度を抑制することが示された。あわせて本研究の結果が臨床に示唆する意義について議論した。

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP; OMIM# 308300) is a rare inherited disease caused by a mutation of IKBKG, which is also known as NEMO, located on Xq28. IP patients usually present with abnormalities of skin, eyes, nails and central nervous system. The neurological damege, which occur usually from neonatal through the early infantile period, leads to neulogical complication such as development retardation, motor paralysis and epilepsy. However, there has been little study done concerning the effect of therapy for the neural abnormalities. We have investigated the clinical findings in a female IP case with a novel mutation of IKBKG for six years due to disclosing the neurological prognosis and the immunological features. It is hoped that the present study will contribute to a better management of IP patients.

The hippocampal dentate gyrus has been identified to play a critical role in maintaining contextual memory in many mammalian species. To evaluate learninginduced synaptic plasticity of granule cells, we subjected male rats to an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task and prepared acute hippocampal slices. In the presence of 0.5 μM tetrodotoxin, we recorded miniature excitatory post synaptic currents (mEPSCs) and inhibitory post synaptic currents (mIPSCs) in male rats experiencing four groups: untrained, IA-trained, unpaired, and walk-through. Compared with the untrained, IA-trained, unpaired, and walk-through groups, the unpaired group significantly enhanced mean mEPSC amplitudes, suggesting the experience-induced plasticity at AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory synapses. For inhibitory synapses, both unpaired and walk-through groups significantly decreased mean mIPSC amplitudes, showing the experience-induced reduction of postsynaptic GABAA receptor-mediated currents. Unlike the plasticity at CA1 synapses, it was difficult to explain the learning- specific plasticity at the synapses. However, overall multivariate analysis using four variables of mE(I)PSC responses revealed experience-specific changes in the diversity, suggesting that the diversity of excitatory/inhibitory synapses onto granule cells differs among the past experience of animals include the learning. In comparison with CA1 pyramidal neurons, granule cells consistently showed greater amplitude and frequency of mE(I)PSCs. Fluctuation analysis further revealed that granule cells provide more postsynaptic AMPA receptor channels and greater single-channel current of GABAA receptors of than CA1 pyramidal neurons. These findings show functional differences between two types of principal cells in the hippocampus.

Androgen receptor (AR)-signaling plays an important role in promoting tumor cell survival and the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Androgen deprivation therapy is the basic therapeutic strategy for AR signaling blockade, but that effects wonʼt last long and most of metastatic prostate cancer show castration resistance. Recently, new agents, AR Axis Targeted agents (ARAT), have been developed. We have been developing our bench-to-bedside translational research to elucidate the mechanisms of drug resistance in prostate cancer. This review describes our investigational results and recent advances in CRPC with ARAT treatment strategy.

大学での教育は正課外活動も含めて学士力の育成や人格形成（社会性の醸成）を行っていくべきである。ただ, どのような正課外活動であっても実行するには必ずお金がかかると考えたほうよく, 学生は様々な機関の活動資金支援制度に申請して助成を受けることもあるだろう。本稿はそうした活動資金支援の申請書の作成ポイントについて, 申請書の骨子の作成, ポンチ絵の紹介と必要性および作成ポイント, 必要経費欄のまとめ方, 構成員状況提示の意味や意義, 申請書として作成するときや提出に関する注意事項, というまとめ方でエッセイ的に記したものである。

マーチン・トロウ氏による「高等教育システムの段階」, いわゆるトロウモデルにおいて日本の高等教育機関は2004年以降「ユニバーサル・アクセス型」に移行している。結果, 文部科学省も示すように高等教育機関において正課外活動の充実が必要不可欠なものとなってきた。正課外活動を実施していく上で資金は必ず必要であり, それを得るための申請を行う機会も学生にとって少なくない。本稿は, 着想のきっかけ, 着想の価値や位置づけ, そしてプロジェクトのおもしろさについて, エッセイ的に記したものである。