As one of the first British diplomats to be posted to Japan, Sir Ernest Satow (1843~1929) became a firsthand observer of the political situation in the country in the years immediately preceding the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Throughout his first posting in Japan (September 1862~February 1869) Satow kept a journal in which he recorded his experiences. Satow later edited this journal for publication as A Diplomat in Japan (henceforth, Diplomat ) published in 1921, many years after the events of the 1860s. The subtitle for the first edition of Diplomat was, ‘The inner history of the critical years in the evolution of Japan when the ports were opened and the monarchy restored, recorded by a diplomatist who took an active part in the events of the time, with an account of his personal experiences during that period.’ This study is an examination of Satow’s ‘personal experiences during that period’ relating to what he ate and drank, and the culinary hospitality he received. This paper will then briefly discuss what can be inferred about the eating habits of Westerners in bakumatsu Japan based on the evidence of Diplomat .

ラオスでは、土地・森林政策の一環として、村落の中に住民が共同で利用できる、村落共有林を法的に認可している。本論文では、宇沢弘文氏が提唱した「社会的共通資本」理論の視座から、その村落共有林が土地・森林政策に果たす役割について分析を行いたい。

A tide –generating force has two dynamic properties. One of them is a property as a vector with magnitude and direction, the other is a periodicity of force acting with a cycle of about 12 hours. If the tide-generating force is a periodic external force, the tides must be a kind of forced oscillation phenomena. Three proposals regarding the origin of tides will be suggested in this article.
(1) The ocean tides can be divided into three types by the depth. They are ‘out of phase’ type (shallower than 22,000m), ‘in phase’ type (deeper than 22,000m) and ‘resonance’ type (equal to 22,000m). The actual ocean tides are classified into the ‘out of phase’ type. On the other hand, the Earth tides occurring on the solid Earth are classified into the ‘in phase’ type.
(2) Dynamic movement pictures of each type of tides have been determined. Unlike the widely accepted explanation, the global form of the ocean surface repeats an oval and a circle in turn according to the Moon’s position. As a result, the tidal movements of the ocean will occur in fixed four areas with an angular distance of 90 degrees apart along the equator, and four spots escaping any tidal movements will appear between them.
(3) A new concept of ‘tide burst’ is deduced and its scientific meanings are discussed. Judging from the delay of Earth’s rotation period, the tide burst will happen in the ocean about 4.5 billion years from the present.

Microscopic observation is one of the most basic and important skills for experiments in biology classes from compulsory education through to higher education. Microscopic observation in biology can help us better understand the microstructures of organisms and convey notions of beauty and fascination regarding the detailed nature of the microworld, which we cannot observe through our unaided eyes. However, many lab classes were postponed for the summer break because it was difficult for the faculty to conduct lab classes using equipment such as microscopes for non-face-toface learning at the university in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Under this situation, we planned that students do the experiment at home using handmade microscope. Students could make a simple Leeuwenhoek microscope very easily and use to understand the principle of the microscope. A non-face-to-face class required students to take the initiative in learning, which led to a better understanding of the principles of microscopy. Hence, the future integration of this nonface-to-face learning using a handmade microscope into an existing face-to-face lab class will be very useful for the teaching of science, especially biology, at many schools by science teachers and researchers.

Characterization of the blue protein in the shell pattern of Japanese littleneck clam (Ruditapes philippinarum ) was performed by purification using anion-exchange chromatography, amino acid analysis, molecular weight measurements, quantification of ferric ions, etc. Blue colored two components were found by anion exchange chromatography. The blue colored shell protein and the colorless mantle protein were found to be homologous to each other in amino acid composition; they are acidic proteins rich in aspartic acid and glutamic acid and that the isoelectric point of the blue protein was estimated as pI =3.96. The secondary structures of the blue protein were estimated as α-helix (28.6%), β-sheet (20.1%), and random coil (51.3%). From combination of molecular weight measurements and quantification of ferric ions, it was found that the blue protein is formed as trimer or tetramer from the monomer proteins of about 10 kDa by complexing with ferric ion. It was also found that there are two kinds of ferric ion existing states and that reducing agents decompose the blue colored trimer or tetramer into dimer or smaller units accompanying decolorization.

This paper examines Jane Austen’s use of the words, amiable , sad , and condescension , to see how she creates and develops the characters in the novel. This also contributes to the philological study of the English language, especially in considering Vocabulary of Late Modern English.
There is a way of thinking that once a text leaves the author’s hands, a reader can deconstruct a text and create his or her interpretation, in this paper, however, my interest lies in the language in Jane Austen’s day. I consider what the writer meant by the words in using them in the social context in the time of Late Modern English. The meaning and the significance of the word in the text largely depends on the context.
We do not find many examples of condescension in her novels, but fewer is not insignificant. The word has something to do with the difference in social status among characters and the superior’s dignity. At the time the word is in a state of change of its sematic prosody, from positive meaning to negative meaning.