Zero-determinant strategies are memory-one strategies in repeated　games which unilaterally enforce linear relations between expected payoffs of　players. Recently, the concept of zero-determinant strategies was extended　to　the class of memory-n strategies with n _ 1, which enables more compli-cated control of payoffs by one player. However, what we can do by　memory-n　zero-determinant strategies is still not clear. Here, we show that memory-n　zero-determinant strategies in repeated games can be used to control condi-tional expectations of payoffs. Equivalently, they can be used to control ex-pected payoffs in biased ensembles, where a history of action pro_les with large　value of bias function is more weighted. Controlling conditional expectations　of payoffs is useful for strengthening zero-determinant strategies, because play-ers can choose conditions in such a way that only unfavorable action pro_les　to one player are contained in the conditions. We provide several examples　of memory-n zero-determinant strategies in the repeated prisoner's dilemma　game. We also explain that a deformed version of zero-determinant strategies　is easily extended to the memory-n case.

To date, the process of implementing the global Sustainable Development Goals （SDGs） and global climate change mitigation and adaptation obligations has been largely decoupling in most countries. This creates administrative duplication, costs, and hinders the development of effective problem solving. Against this background, we show the present state of research on policy integration and integrated policymaking. Following the research results of Bauer et al. （2021） and Teebken et al. （2021）, this note briefly summarizes different understandings of policy integration and detailed criteria for evaluating policy integration from different　academic perspectives. Implementing an interactive agenda requires political　attention and institutional competence to address the interactions and complexity　of each, understand policies at a national level, and translation. In this note, we will　introduce the basic concept of what integration practice looks like, and focusing on　the interaction between the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the movement of the economy when the consumption demand is fully realized after the economy achieves full employment. If the investment demand is fully realized, full employment will not be sustained. However, full employment will continue if the consumption demand is fully realized.

本稿では，中国の浙江省の消費者を対象に実施したアンケート調査をもとに，新型コロナウイルス感染症の拡大が中国の消費者の消費行動に与えた影響を探るために，OLS回帰分析を用いて定量分析を行った。分析結果から，新型コロナウイルス感染症の拡大は中国における消費者の収入や仕事の安定さに一定の影響を与えていることがわかった。多くの回答者は将来の経済発展に対し強い確信を持っていることも確認された。また，新型コロナウイルス感染症の影響が強ければ強いほど節約的消費傾向が強まり，将来に確信を持つほど積極的消費傾向が強まることがわかった。

This paper empirically examines the impacts of household debt and　leverage ratio, measured by the ratio of aggregate household debt to GDP, on consumption using provincial-level macro-data in China. Results show that household indebtedness has a positive and significant effect on consumption expenditure and this remains true for both household debt and leverage ratio, as well as long-term and short-term debts and leverage ratios, and the encouraging effects are heterogeneous across regions. When the debt-to-GDP ratio is below 100%, the consumption experiences faster growth than that when the debt-to-GDP ratio exceeds 100%. In addition, residents’ saving, per capita disposal income and the public expenditure on education, social security, as well as medical and health services are found to have significant positive effects on consumption, while CPI and child dependency ratio have depressive effects.

As income levels increase, numerous households will consider investing in risky assets. Credit availability, especially for high-income households, is playing an increasingly important role in enhancing households holdings of risky assets (HHRA). The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of credit availability on HHRA. In this study, the data from the China Household Finance Survey in 2017 is utilized, and the approach of logit regression is employed to produce more accurate estimates. Meanwhile, this study also explores the heterogeneous roles of household income. The results show that the impact of credit availability on HHRA varies by household income. As household income increases from low to high, the effect of credit availability on HHRA transfers from negative to positive. Besides, the results also suggest that for high-income households, credit availability moderated with the attention to financial and economic information positively contributes to HHRA. Thus, it implies that policymakers and financial institutions are encouraged to expand access for households to invest in risky assets, enhance households’ availability of credit, and build more financing channels.

The establishment of the environmental protection law reflects the Chinese government's determination to achieve ecological civilization. Since January 1, 2015, when the revised Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China came into effect, environmental public interest litigation in China has been rapidly growing. In the implementation of environmental law, environmental public interest litigation plays an irreplaceable role. The mechanism of environmental public interest litigation will ideally enhance the effectiveness and prevention of environmental protection and become a major contributor to public awareness of environmental protection. Despite the fact that environmental public interest litigation in China has made great progress, there are still many shortcomings and defects. One of the major difficulties facing environmental public interest litigation in China is the lack of standing of plaintiffs in environmental public interest litigation. This paper will explore the necessity of plaintiff status for environmental public interest litigation in China's grassroots self-governance organizations based on the situation of environmental pollution in rural China, using village committees as an example.

As global warming continues to intensify, how to prevent climate deterioration has become a serious concern for all countries. In recent years, although China’s GDP has leap to the second place in the world after the United States, it is accompanied by serious problems of environmental pollution and energy consumption with the rapid development of the economy. Under the common goal of global energy conservation and emission reduction, China has established seven carbon trading markets. Because the energy-chemical industry is a major concern for emission reduction and the carbon trading market has market regulation functions, examining the relationship between them is of great significance and can help the emission reduction effort. This study investigates the relationship between the carbon emission price of China's carbon trading market and the stock price of 30 listed companies in the energychemical industry. We use daily data to establish a panel model and var model, and　then compare it with European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). The result indicates that there is an asymmetric one-way relationship between the carbon emission price and the stock price of the energy-chemical industry in China. The main reason is that the internal endogenous mechanism and external response mechanism of the carbon trading market are not perfect. Then the government should improve relevant legal system and trading system, and furthermore, introduce third-party institutions and strengthen talent pools.

Consumer capability refers to the ability to apply relevant knowledge and perform desirable behavior for achieving wellbeing. Previous research reveals that consumer behavior is more important than knowledge to indicate consumer capability. How to motivate individual consumers to engage in consumption activities that contribute to sustainable development? This is the question this conceptual paper attempts to address. This paper proposes a definition of sustainable consumer behavior and applies a theory-based, conceptual framework to develop action-taking programs in sustainable consumption education. Sustainable consumer behavior is defined as consumer acts that consider current and future interests of themselves and others when they purchase and use market goods. The behavior change theory used here refers to the transtheoretical model of behavior change (TTM), a commonly used behavior change theory in health and finance. The paper demonstrates how to facilitate the development of sustainable consumer behavior in education intervention programs based on principles outlined in TTM with specific examples. Implications for policies and future research are also discussed.

Zero-determinant strategies are a class of memory-one strategies in repeated games which unilaterally enforce linear relationships between payoffs. It has long been unclear for what stage games zero-determinant strategies exist. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of zero-determinant strategies. This condition can be interpreted as the existence of two different actions which unilaterally adjust the total value of a linear combination of payoffs. A relation between the class of stage games where zero-determinant strategies exist and other class of stage games is also provided.

本研究の目的は，文献をもとに「育児困難感」と「育児不安」の用語の整理を行い，今後の支援に繋げる視点を得ることである。検討の結果，「育児困難感」は，実際の母親を取り巻く要因の中で，母親が子どもと対峙することで「母親自身が困っている」状態を示すものと考えられた。また「育児不安」は「育児における漠然とした不安」であり，疲労感や抑うつ状態が生じる可能性や，具体的な対象や問題がない場合でも生じることが考えられた。また「育児困難感」は「相手（子ども）への感情」であり，「育児不安」は「母親自身の不安」であり，2つは質的に異なると考えられ，「育児困難感」と「育児不安」の高低をもとに，5つのタイプに分類を試みた。