departmental bulletin paper

日本語の自然会話においては様々な反復現象が見られるが, その中に, ある話者の発話末尾文にある要素が, 次の話者の発話冒頭文に現れるような反復現象(話者間反復)がある。従来の反復現象に関する研究は, 主に反復の機能を探究するものであった。しかし, なぜ特定の要素だけが反復されるのかという問題については, 未だ解明されていない。本稿では, その理由解明への第一歩として, 最適性理論の考え方を利用し, 形態的な観点, 統語的な観点, 談話的な観点から, どのような要素が選ばれて反復されるのかという点について分析する。その結果, 話者間反復現象は, 形態的・統語的・談話的制約を含めた相互作用によって生じることが判明した。

鍼灸治療は副作用が少なく未病や難病に効果があるとされ，WHOにも認められており今や世界中に広まっている．しかしながら，その治療は未だ経験的・臨床的に行われていることが多く，治療の仕組みや過程が科学的されていない部分が多い．そのため，現代の西洋医学および科学技術的な観点を取入れた客観的・統一的な研究方法や評価基準の確立が求められている．一方，システムの構造と動作の両方を表現・解析できるモデリングツールであるペトリネットは，生命システムのモデル化や解析に広く応用されており，生物情報学の分野でも多くの成果を上げている．本論文では，我々が高水準ペトリネットであるカラーペトリネットを用いて，鍼灸治療に向けの人体モデルの構築法を提案する．このモデルは，気・血・津液を取り入れ，臓腑間の影響を東洋医学の五行説および臓腑の表裏一体関係に基づいて数値的に表現することで構築される．それによって，鍼灸治療の仕組みや過程の解明に向けての客観的な分析手段を提供することを目指す．まずは，東洋医学における気・血・津液の化生・輸送の過程および臓器の新陳代謝を分析したうえで計算式を考案し，カラーペトリネットを用いたモデルの構築法を提案する．次に，五臓間や臓腑間の並行的・逐次的な働きを表すために，モデルへの補助要素の加え方を提案する．最後に，臨床で有効と検証された鍼灸治療法のシミュレーションを行い，モデルの妥当性を検証する．

本研究の目的は、ICEアプローチの学習理論に基づいて目標・評価を設定した授業実践を実施し、その成果を検証することを通して、言語聴覚士養成教育における「主体的な学び」の形成のためにICEアプローチが持つ可能性について明らかにすることである。言語聴覚士養成教育の現状として「主体的な学び」の形成が意識的に行われているとは言い難い状況がある。なぜなら、専門職の将来を見据えた、生涯にわたる学習につながる設計ではなく、「国家試験合格」が卒前教育のゴールであるかのような授業実践が行われている現状が存在しているからである。ICEアプローチは、ウィルソン(Robert J.Wilson)によって1996年に提唱され、2000年にヤング(Sue Fostaty Young)とウィルソンによって発展させられた学習理論である。学習における認知の変容を「基礎的知識(Ideas)」、「つながり(Connections)」、「知の応用(Extensions)」の3つのフェーズで捉えるICEアプローチは、学習者の学習過程や到達度を教員だけではなく、学習者の自己評価も通して双方向から認識することを可能とする点に特徴を持っている。本研究では、ICEアプローチに基づいてデザインされた授業を実践し、パフォーマンス課題に対する学習者の自己評価の記載内容を検討することで、ICEアプローチの有効性を検証した。実践研究の結果として、ICEの3つのフェーズを意識することで、学習者は自分の学びの位置を認識でき、教員も学習者の学びの位置を把握し、指導を検討するといった形成的評価の一面が得られた。教員による評価、学習者による自己評価と独立した評価ではなく、学習者と教員の双方向から学びの位置を認識し学びを進めていくことで、教員側の「何を教えるか」といった教育目標のみならず、学習者側の「何を学びたいか」といった双方向からの教育目標と評価を可能とした。したがって、言語聴覚士養成教育における「主体的な学び」の形成には、ICEアプローチを用いた学習目標ならびに評価の有用性は高いと考えられる。

林京子の「黄砂」は一九七七年七月に雑誌『群像』に掲載された小説であり、一九三七年の上海租界での出来事を少女時代の「私」の目で描いたものである。この小説は原爆体験にはほとんど触れず、戦前の上海における少女の「私」と日本人娼婦お清さんの出会いと別れを描いた作品であるにもかかわらず、原爆小説集『ギヤマン ビードロ』に収録された。なぜ本作品が原爆小説集に入れられたのか、その理由について、林京子自身は、この「連作のなかに『黄砂』を持ち込んだのは、上海時代と八月九日以降の人生と生命、また私の底流にある戦争と時代を呼応させ、一つの環に結びたかったからです。それは、陽であったはずの上海時代も、負に転化する色濃い陰を持っているからです」と述べている。「色濃い陰」とは直接的にはお清さんの悲惨な運命を指しているのだが、お清さんにはさらに積極的な意義がある。「私」は作品冒頭において、お清さんとの出会いは「私の思考の原図ともいうべき出来ごと」であったと語っている。つまり、「私」における上海での幼時体験と長崎での被爆体験が「一つの環に結び」つけられるには、お清さんの存在が不可欠だったのである。本稿では、人間に対するお清さんの独自な見方が、「私」にどのような影響を与えたのかを通じて「黄砂」におけるお清さんの意味を追求し、作品の意義を明らかにしたい。

有島武郎は『或る女』の執筆意図について、「醜」や「邪」、あるいは「堕落」にこそ目指すべき「人生の可能」があると述べている。従来、この「人生の可能」をめぐっては、それが『或る女』という作品でどのように主題化されているかという観点から論じられる傾向にあった。本稿ではこの問題に対し、作品の主題との関連にとどまらず、そういった発想を持つに至った有島の人生観の形成や、その人生観が作中人物早月葉子の形象にどう関わっているのかについても検討を加えていく。本来、「醜」や「邪」、「堕落」といったネガティブな概念は「人生の可能」というポジティブな展望と結び付くものではない。しかし、有島はそれらを半ば強引に結び付けていく。果たしてこのような特異な人生観はどのようにして形成されたものであるのか。本稿ではまず、有島の特異な人生観の形成について明らかにする。考察を展開するうえで着目するのは、有島とキリスト教の関係についてである。友人の森本厚吉に誘われてクリスチャンとなった有島は、アメリカへの留学中、キリスト教に順応できない自分の姿に悩み、空虚感に襲われる。この懐疑と苦悩は、制度や組織といったものに対する不信につながり、ついには背教へと至る。そして、制度としての宗教から解放された有島が向かった先は文学であった。有島にとって文学は、制度というものを介してキリスト教と対立的な関係に置かれているのである。その対立的な関係が象徴的に表れているものとして、本稿では<姦淫の女>に注目する。キリスト教の価値観では否定される<姦淫の女>に対し、有島は文学的な価値を見出していく。その価値を実践しているのが『或る女』の主人公早月葉子である。葉子は、社会制度上は蔑視される存在となる娼婦や芸者たちの生き方を羨望し、<姦淫の女>の生き方を肯定していく。葉子のこのような転倒した発想は、有島の堕落の先に「人生の可能」があるという特異な人生観に通じるものだと言える。ところが、葉子はこの特異な人生観を最後まで徹底することはない。ここに、作品に描かれる葉子の形象の揺れを見ておきたい。

As a part of development study in developing a relevant vocational course to improve student skills for meeting the industry requirement, this research aims to enhance collaborative mindset in CAD construction drawing course using the blended online learning platform. The flipped classroom strategy is employed to conduct the learning process with a project-based approach. The platform facilitates the learning process and changes the negative mindset with the positive ones, inside and outside the class. It provides a project showroom embedded on the website with comment tools for discussion, learning material, and sustainably developed tutorial video. The blended online platform is including WordPress content management system (CMS), Zoom, YouTube, Google for Education, Imgbb, WhatsApp SNS, and Efront learning management system (LMS), which combined into an integrated learning media for providing the needs of the learning methods used in the course with better benefits, accessible and easy to follow by the students. A study was conducted to discover students’ collaborative mindset improvement in two different classes, an experiment class B and a control class A. Class B consisted of 36 students use the blended online learning platform with a project-based flipped classroom strategy, and Class A use the regular learning model consists of 39 students. Data analysis was performed by descriptive analysis, paired sample t-test, and independent-sample t-test. The descriptive analysis showed collaborative mindset average scores of 70.90 in the pre-test and 73.91 in the post-test on a scale of 100 for class A. In contrast, class B collaborative mindset average scores are 70.28 and 79.93 for the pre-test and post-test, with an N-gain score of 0.3225, which means the collaborative mindset increased by 32.25% after being treated by applying the blended online learning platform for one month. The paired samples t-test analysis of the experiment class discovers a significant improvement of collaborative mindset with a highly significant correlation of 0.935 and Sig. 0.000 < 0.05 between pre-test and post-test. Moreover, the independent samples t-test revealed the two classes’ initial behaviors are equal with a tcount of 0.278 < ttable of 1.665 and the value of Sig. (2-tailed) 0.782 > 0.05 probability. In opposition, the posttest result asserts a significant difference of collaborative mindset between the experiment class and the control class with a tcount of 3.707 > ttable of 1.665 and the value of Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 < 0.05. Based on all the analysis tests, it can be concluded that the blended online learning platform with project-based flipped classroom strategy is significantly enhancing students’ collaborative mindset. Furthermore, the future work is conducting the summative evaluation and developing the platform based on further evaluation.

This paper follows on Sadamitsu (2020) of a case study on a dubbed film from Japanese into English. Focusing on Venuti's (1995) domestication and foreignization in translation, the paper analyzed the gaps in language/culture and in time between the source and the target text of the translation, and demonstrated that domesticated samples were found far more than foreignized ones in order to fill the former type of gaps. This paper goes on to more precise analyses on how the translators have dealt with the gabs between the two languages by closely looking at their domesticating strategies for English readers/audience of the film. Specifically, their coping strategies of adding/deleting information of the source text will be discussed here based on a Cognitive Linguistics perspective.

In recent years, the Japanese government has been encouraging the nationwide promotion of digital transformation initiatives. In Japan, however, many software-based ICT companies are concentrated in urban areas. In this study, we clarify how this fact affects the economic effects of digital investment made by local governments. Although this kind of analysis generally requires interregional input-output tables, only a few local governments have prepared and published them. In contrast, this study proposes a simple method that uses the intra-regional input-output tables published by all prefectures and the national input-output tables published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. As a result, it was found that in the case of local governments with insufficient ICT industrial base, a considerable amount of the economic ripple effect derived from digital investment leaks out of the region. The results also indicate that the digital investment by local governments with insufficient ICT industrial base induces the leakage of employment effects, and might lead to a declining population.

In 2020, global phenomena such as unprecedented scale forest fires, storms, melting glaciers, and dramatic declines in northern polar glaciers are very likely to be caused by climate change. By the middle of this century, it is becoming clear that it is not enough for Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions to be cut by 80％ compared to 1990 levels. In December 2015, to meet the climate targets agreed in the Paris agreement, stricter cuts from Germany are required, limiting global temperature rises to an average of 2 ℃（better 1.5 ℃） compared to pre-industrial levels. With regard to the transition of Germany’s energy systems, this paper begins with a comprehensive model of the Germany power and thermal sector in future energy systems with a major contribution to renewable energy technologies. Based on REMod-D （Renewable Energy Model - Germany）, the basic structure is summarized briefly. Then, we introduce some of the simulation results by REMod-D models by Philip et al. （2020）. The aim is to assess the energy transition and the possibility of climate-neutral systems in Germany.

Due to the COVID-19, many countries including Japan have reinforced regulations at the borders. As many international students could not enter Japan due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some universities offered online education services as an alternate. On the other hand, since April 2020, many of international student livening in Japan have not been able to go back to their countries.

This paper examines Jane Austen’s use of the words, amiable , sad , and condescension , to see how she creates and develops the characters in the novel. This also contributes to the philological study of the English language, especially in considering Vocabulary of Late Modern English. There is a way of thinking that once a text leaves the author’s hands, a reader can deconstruct a text and create his or her interpretation, in this paper, however, my interest lies in the language in Jane Austen’s day. I consider what the writer meant by the words in using them in the social context in the time of Late Modern English. The meaning and the significance of the word in the text largely depends on the context. We do not find many examples of condescension in her novels, but fewer is not insignificant. The word has something to do with the difference in social status among characters and the superior’s dignity. At the time the word is in a state of change of its sematic prosody, from positive meaning to negative meaning.

　山口大学の学生相談所は，全国の大学で2番目に古く設置された学生相談所である。その学生相談所の変革と沿革，業務，運営と人事，活動，今後の方向性について述べた。 　その歴史的な発展と変化，特に保健管理センターと異なって，広い相談の受け皿となる機能を持つこと，活動面では時代的な変化があり，その運営と人事面でも時代に対応した大きな変革があり，現在では複雑化する若者の心理に対応した機関として，他の専門機関とも連携して発展していることにも触れている。

Characterization of the blue protein in the shell pattern of Japanese littleneck clam (Ruditapes philippinarum ) was performed by purification using anion-exchange chromatography, amino acid analysis, molecular weight measurements, quantification of ferric ions, etc. Blue colored two components were found by anion exchange chromatography. The blue colored shell protein and the colorless mantle protein were found to be homologous to each other in amino acid composition; they are acidic proteins rich in aspartic acid and glutamic acid and that the isoelectric point of the blue protein was estimated as pI =3.96. The secondary structures of the blue protein were estimated as α-helix (28.6%), β-sheet (20.1%), and random coil (51.3%). From combination of molecular weight measurements and quantification of ferric ions, it was found that the blue protein is formed as trimer or tetramer from the monomer proteins of about 10 kDa by complexing with ferric ion. It was also found that there are two kinds of ferric ion existing states and that reducing agents decompose the blue colored trimer or tetramer into dimer or smaller units accompanying decolorization.

Microscopic observation is one of the most basic and important skills for experiments in biology classes from compulsory education through to higher education. Microscopic observation in biology can help us better understand the microstructures of organisms and convey notions of beauty and fascination regarding the detailed nature of the microworld, which we cannot observe through our unaided eyes. However, many lab classes were postponed for the summer break because it was difficult for the faculty to conduct lab classes using equipment such as microscopes for non-face-toface learning at the university in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Under this situation, we planned that students do the experiment at home using handmade microscope. Students could make a simple Leeuwenhoek microscope very easily and use to understand the principle of the microscope. A non-face-to-face class required students to take the initiative in learning, which led to a better understanding of the principles of microscopy. Hence, the future integration of this nonface-to-face learning using a handmade microscope into an existing face-to-face lab class will be very useful for the teaching of science, especially biology, at many schools by science teachers and researchers.

A tide –generating force has two dynamic properties. One of them is a property as a vector with magnitude and direction, the other is a periodicity of force acting with a cycle of about 12 hours. If the tide-generating force is a periodic external force, the tides must be a kind of forced oscillation phenomena. Three proposals regarding the origin of tides will be suggested in this article. (1) The ocean tides can be divided into three types by the depth. They are ‘out of phase’ type (shallower than 22,000m), ‘in phase’ type (deeper than 22,000m) and ‘resonance’ type (equal to 22,000m). The actual ocean tides are classified into the ‘out of phase’ type. On the other hand, the Earth tides occurring on the solid Earth are classified into the ‘in phase’ type. (2) Dynamic movement pictures of each type of tides have been determined. Unlike the widely accepted explanation, the global form of the ocean surface repeats an oval and a circle in turn according to the Moon’s position. As a result, the tidal movements of the ocean will occur in fixed four areas with an angular distance of 90 degrees apart along the equator, and four spots escaping any tidal movements will appear between them. (3) A new concept of ‘tide burst’ is deduced and its scientific meanings are discussed. Judging from the delay of Earth’s rotation period, the tide burst will happen in the ocean about 4.5 billion years from the present.

学生相談所は，学生の福利厚生を高める点では，大学において重要な位置を占める。特に保護者からの学生支援への要望が高まるにつれ，その存在価値は高くなろう。本論文では，そのような状況下において，学生相談所が今後対処すべき課題をいくつかあげる。特に教員との連携，保護者への対応，発達障害を抱える学生の問題，自殺への対応について，それらの問題点を明らかにし，対応についても提案して論考したい。

ラオスでは、土地・森林政策の一環として、村落の中に住民が共同で利用できる、村落共有林を法的に認可している。本論文では、宇沢弘文氏が提唱した「社会的共通資本」理論の視座から、その村落共有林が土地・森林政策に果たす役割について分析を行いたい。

As one of the first British diplomats to be posted to Japan, Sir Ernest Satow (1843~1929) became a firsthand observer of the political situation in the country in the years immediately preceding the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Throughout his first posting in Japan (September 1862~February 1869) Satow kept a journal in which he recorded his experiences. Satow later edited this journal for publication as A Diplomat in Japan (henceforth, Diplomat ) published in 1921, many years after the events of the 1860s. The subtitle for the first edition of Diplomat was, ‘The inner history of the critical years in the evolution of Japan when the ports were opened and the monarchy restored, recorded by a diplomatist who took an active part in the events of the time, with an account of his personal experiences during that period.’ This study is an examination of Satow’s ‘personal experiences during that period’ relating to what he ate and drank, and the culinary hospitality he received. This paper will then briefly discuss what can be inferred about the eating habits of Westerners in bakumatsu Japan based on the evidence of Diplomat .

Taiwan is not a party to the Paris Agreement, but the impact of climate change on Taiwan is enough to be one. The Government of Taiwan has set a target of adjusting the power mix to 50% natural gas-fired, 30% coal-fired and 20% renewable energy by 2025, increasing the proportion of relatively low carbon emissions and renewable energy, and aiming to reduce GHG emissions as a climate change policy. One of the key aspects of Taiwan’s energy policy is to phase-out nuclear power generation by 2025, and to increase the share of renewable energy in the power supply configuration and reduce the use of coal-fired power. The phase-out of nuclear power plants was initially faster than the expansion of renewable energy, reducing CO2 emissions from electricity production as needed to a small amount. Nevertheless, since 2016, Taiwan has been evaluating the “energy transition” derived from Germany and is trying to decentralize its power supply using conventional large-scale, inflexible power generation systems. 　With regard to coal-fired power plants, Taiwan will accelerate the improvement of air pollution facilities at existing coal-fired power plants and implement utilization management measures in order to match air quality. Gas-fired and green energy power supplies will be the mainstays of power supply, which is the power stabilization target, in order to maintain 15% of the supply reserve rate. The government needs to plan supply-side measures and implement various tasks to save energy and reduce carbon emission in order to reduce electricity demand. To build clean energy systems and healthy living conditions, to promote the development of new green energy industries, to promote green employment, realize the spirit of energy empowerment, promote energy democracy and justice. Going forward, the focus will be on overall system integration, where all power supplies can ensure a sufficient level of revenue. In this study, we will consider Taiwan’s climate change and energy policy since the Paris Agreement, and summarize the current situation and issues.

We will discuss why Japan succeeded after the Meiji Restoration and why she has been stagnated since 1990s, and propose the conditions for the revitalization of the Japanese economy based on M.E. Porter’s factor condition and Michio Morishima’s view of population history. Michio Morishima maintains that the quantity and quality of population is the foundation of economy and society. This paper focus on values which is one of the qualitative aspects of human beings.

In this study, we present a new method for estimating input coefficient matrix with deep learning. We use the data of prefectures of Japan as the training data. However, the data is small and is likely to cause overfitting. Therefore, we attempt to avoid the over-fitting by creating new data of virtual areas aggregating multiple prefectures. The approach is based on the concept of data augmentation. As a result of predicting the input coefficient matrix of Yamaguchi prefecture and Gujo city, we showed that the method using deep learning can estimate the matrix with more stable accuracy than RAS method for these areas.