本研究の目的は、教員のジェンダー観や校種、および性別により、児童生徒への意識や関わりに 違いがあるかについて、児童生徒側の性別も合わせて検討することである。対象は小中学校の教員 123名（小学校男性27名、小学校女性53名、中学校男性24名、中学校女性19名）で、2022年12月に 質問紙調査を実施した。質問紙の構成は、「役割分業観」と、男女の児童生徒それぞれに対する「生 徒への抵抗感」「指導上の困難感」であった。分析の結果、小学校男性教員は女子児童への関わり は難しいという意識が高い可能性があること、小学校女性教員は男女区別なく接している意識が高 いことが考えられた。また、中学校教員は男性教員・女性教員いずれも同性の生徒に関わりやすさ や理解しやすさを感じている可能性が示唆された。

In science classes, the use of a microscope evokes an enthusiastic and exciting response from students. When students attempt to gain an understanding of the size of samples under a microscope, micrometers of two types are generally required to measure sizes. An eyepiece micrometer contains an attached eyepiece lens, while a stage micrometer is placed on the stage to provide accurate information pertaining to length. When the magnification of the objective lens is changed, the scale of the eyepiece micrometer is changed. Hence, we need to measure the scale of the eyepiece micrometer before observation for each magnification. However, students can find this principle difficult to comprehend when calculating the ratio. In this study, we introduced teaching material demonstrating the eyepiece micrometer using a kitchen towel wick in an effort to explain the principle of scale when using a microscope. This approach should prove useful in helping to clarify the principle using simple material that students can easily make themselves. Finally, this method should facilitate an understanding of difficult concepts by encouraging students to experience changes in image size from different perspectives using familiar materials, or in other words, elements of “STEAM”.

昨今，校則の見直しの動きが加速するなかで，校則の内容や必要性を理解するためには，各校則の制定理由を理解し，子どもと学校が互いに納得していることが重要であると考える。本研究では「小学校の校則に複数の制定理由を想定し『校則の種類』や『個人特性』が校則の制定理由に対する納得の程度に与える影響を検討する」ことを目的する。これにより，校則に関する学校の説明責任を果たす一助となることに加え，各学校の校則が「社会通念上合理的と認められる範囲」であるかどうかを再考するきっかけになることを期待する。また，アンケート調査の回答を基に分析した結果により，どの理由においても納得しにくい校則について，当該校則の必要性の再考を提案した。

本研究では顔の記憶課題成績と自閉傾向との関連の有無を調べた。実験の結果，自閉傾向全体の得点と顔記憶の再認課題成績についての関連は見られなかった。また，自閉傾向尺度の下位尺度の一つである「注意の切り替え」については，制限のない実験と概念情報によって記憶する実験において，注意の切り替え得点が高い群の方が成績が高かった。本研究の結果から再認記憶課題成績と自閉傾向得点との関連は見られなかったが，注意の切り替えの部分においては顔の記憶課題に影響がある可能性が示された。

本研究では“あがり”を軽減する要因として練習量を調整要因として，さらに，楽観主義傾向と悲観主義傾向に着目し，これらの要因が“あがり”意識と課題遂行に与える影響について検討した。その結果，練習量が多い条件では少ない条件と比較して課題遂行における失敗数が少なかったものの“あがり”意識に変化はみられなかった。練習量と楽観主義，また練習量と悲観主義の分散分析の結果，優位な差はみられなかった。また練習量が多いことにより楽観主義と“あがり”意識を構成する因子の１つである責任感に負の相関がみられた。以上より，楽観主義傾向の者には量の多い練習が“あがり”意識の軽減効果を持つ可能性があることが示された。

本研究では、公立小学校通常の学級に在籍する児童１名を対象とし、授業に参加しない離席行動を減少させ、授業に参加する行動がより生起（増加）するように、長期研修派遣教員と行動コンサルテーションを実施し、その効果等について検討することを目的とした。離席行動等に関するアセスメントの後、同校教員９名の協力によって作成されたストラテジー・シートに基づき、支援員も同席するフィードバック機会の設定、学級全体への支援と個別の支援の並行実践、複数の機能に対応する行動支援の同時、段階的導入を行った。それらにより、離席行動は激減し、授業に参加する行動が増え、担任の負担感も軽減した。このような結果をもたらした要因として、行動コンサルテーション実践（１）に引き続き設置した垂直サインによる提示方法、担任に対する支援案にアレンジを加えることも可とした配慮等が挙げられ、当研究で実施された行動コンサルテーションの有効性が示された。

本研究では、公立小学校通常の学級に在籍する児童１名を対象とし、大声による授業妨害行動を減少させ、発言のルールを守って学習に取り組む行動がより生起（増加）するように、長期研修派遣教員と行動コンサルテーションを実施し、その効果等について検討することを目的とした。大声による授業妨害行動に関するアセスメントの後、介入では、行動問題の生起が少ない教科における担任教師の児童に対する行動を介入案とすること、それを端的な言葉で表現した「担任支援カード」を設置する工夫等を行った。その結果、大声による授業妨害行動は減少し、担任教師の話を黙って聴く、待つなどの行動が増加した。このような結果をもたらした要因として、第３者による直接行動観察に基づく行動問題の機能同定、担任教師の技能を生かす介入案、垂直サインによる提示方法が有効であったことが示され、校内におけるコンサルテーションの有効性が示唆された。

電解質を水に溶解する際、体積の加成性は破綻し、その体積変化の程度は電解質の種類によって異なる。これは主にイオンの大きさと電荷の違いにより、水和構造に違いが生じることによる。学校でも実施可能な簡単な実験によって電解質の溶解における体積変化の非加成性を確認できれば、水分子がイオンに結合して形成される水和イオンの構造や水分子の集まり方などを原子レベルで推論することが可能と考える。そこで、電解質を水に溶解させたときの体積変化を定量的に測定できる簡便な実験を考案し、いくつかの電解質を用いて実験を行った。その結果、電解質の違いによるわずかな体積変化の違いも定量的に測定することができた。それらの実験結果を用いて計算した各イオンのみかけの部分モル体積も、これまで報告されてきた値と調和的な結果を得た。

Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and its linked arrhythmias play a crucial role in determining the prognosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Our paper aimed to explore the potential protective effects of direct pharmacological intervention in the RV muscle using dantrolene (DAN), a stabilizer of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), against RV dysfunction and arrhythmia in a rat model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. To induce PAH, male 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats received MCT injections. The study also assessed the induction of ventricular tachycardia (VT) by catecholamines, examining RyR2-mediated Ca^{2+} release properties in isolated cardiomyocytes. Additionally, a pulmonary artery-banding model was established to evaluate the independent effects of chronic pressure overload on RV morphology and function. In the MCT-induced PAH rat model, findings revealed RV hypertrophy, dilation, and functional decline, resulting in 0% survival rate two months post-MCT induction. Conversely, chronic DAN treatment demonstrated improvements in these RV parameters and an 80% increase in survival. Furthermore, chronic DAN treatment prevented the dissociation of calmodulin from RyR2, inhibiting Ca^{2+} sparks and spontaneous Ca^{2+} transients in MCT-induced hypertrophied RV cardiomyocytes. Epinephrine induced VT in over 50% of rats with MCT-induced PAH, while chronic DAN treatment achieved complete suppression of VT. The paper concludes that stabilizing RyR2 with DAN holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach against the development of RV dysfunction and fatal arrhythmias associated with PAH.

Many mail filtering methods have been proposed, but they have not yet achieved perfect filtering. One of the reasons for this is the influence of modified words created by spammers to slip through the mail filtering, in which words are modified by insert symbols, spaces, HTML tags, etc. For example,“ price$ for be$t drug$! ”，“ priceC I A L I S ”， “ <font>se</font>xu<font>al</font> ”, etc. These are frequently replaced with new strings by changing the combination of symbols ,HTML tags etc. Mail filtering is a technique that captures trends in words in training mails (mails received in the past) and applies these trends to words in test mails (newly received emails). Some of the above modified words appear in both training and test mails, i.e., words that could be used as features of spam mail by using them unprocessed, while others appear only in test mails, i.e., words that have not been learned and require special processing (e.g., removal of symbols, search for similar words, etc.) for their use. However, existing methods do not make these distinctions and treat them in the same way. Therefore, in order to bring the filtering performance of the existing methods closer to perfect filtering, we developed a method in which the above modified words are separated into words that appear in both training and test mails and words that appear only in test mails, and each of these words is used for mail filtering. In this study, we treat the above modified words as ”strange words”. Typical examples of such strange words include, in addition to the above, new words included in ham mails, proper nouns used in close relationships, and abbreviations. The results of this study are as follows (1) In order to compare the filtering performance between strange words and other words, filtering experiments were conducted using existing methods with strange words, nouns, verbs, and adjectives. The results showed that the filtering performance of the strange words was the best. This means that strange words have a significant impact on the filtering performance, and we expect to improve the filtering performance of existing methods by developing a new method to utilize strange words. (2) In order to examine the breakdown of strange words, we counted the number of words that appeared in both training and test mails, and the number of words that appeared only in test mails. The results were compared with those obtained for nouns, verbs and adjectives. We found that there are a significant number of strange words that appear in both training and test mails, but only in one of the groups, i.e., ham or spam mail. Words with this appearance pattern are most useful for mail filtering. On the other hand, we found that there are many strange words that appear only in test mails, i.e., words that cannot be learned. We expect to improve the filtering performance by separating these strange words and developing a new method to use each of them. (3) For the use of strange words, we developed (A) a method for using words that appear in both training and test mails, and (B) a method for using words that appear only in test mails, respectively. (A) To examine the breakdown of strange words that appear in both training and test mails, we divided them into two categories: words that appear only in ham and spam mails, i.e., words with patterns that improve filtering performance, and words that do not, and examined their frequency of occurrence. The results showed that the words with appearance patterns that improve filtering performance tend to appear more frequently than those without such patterns. This means that by using words with a certain number of occurrences in filtering, it is possible to use more words that improve filtering performance. We developed a method to do this and conducted experiments with different threshold values to find the optimal value, and confirmed that setting the threshold around 7 improves filtering performance. (B) We compared the number of strange words that appear only in the test mails between ham and spam mails, and found that the number tends to be higher in spam mail than in ham mail. In order to utilize this difference for filtering, we proposed a method to set a uniform spam probability for strange words that appear only in the test mails, and attempted to find the optimal spam probability. As a result, setting the spam probability to 0.7 improved the filtering accuracy from 98.2% to 98.9%. By using (A) and (B) above together, both words that appear in both training and test mails and words that appear only in test mails can be used for mail filtering to increase accuracy. Mail filtering has been improved and its performance has reached its limit. In order to further improve accuracy, i.e., to approach perfect filtering, a new perspective is needed, and this paper provides one such perspective: the use of strange words. This paper is organized as follows. In Chapter 1, we review the background of mail filtering methods, discuss how spammers use strange words to slip through such filters. The purpose and structure of this paper are then presented. In Chapter 2, we will discuss related research on examples of filtering methods that have been proposed so far are given. In Chapter 3, we describe the mail datasets, word handling, and strange words used in the this paper. This is followed by an explanation of the ROC curve, which is the measure used to evaluate the filtering performance, and explanation of scatter plots and box-and-whisker plots. In Chapter 4, we compare the filtering performance between strange words and other words, and show that strange words have a significant impact on the filtering performance. Furthermore, based on the results of a breakdown of the number of strange words, we discuss the possibility of improving filtering performance by separating words that appear in both training and test mails from those that appear only in the test mails. We will work on this in the next chapters and report the results. In Chapter 5, we develop a method to use (A) above, i.e., strange words that appear in both training and test mails. From the results of counting the number of words used in the subject and body of each email, we show that the number tends to be smaller for words that degrade the filtering performance. Based on these results, we propose a method that sets a threshold for the number of words used in the subject and body of mails, and uses only those words that exceed the threshold for classification. Experiments are conducted to find the optimal value by varying the threshold, and the effect of this method on performance is reported. In Chapter 6, we develop a method to use (B) above, i.e., strange words that appear only in the test mails. We compare the number of types of these words in ham and spam mails, and show that the number tends to be larger in spam mails, and that this feature can be used as a bias for detecting spam mails. In this paper, we deal with experiments using bsfilter and develop a method to set spam probabilities uniformly for strange words that appear only in the test mails. After searching for the optimal spam probability, we report that a spam probability of 0.7 greatly improves the filtering performance. In Chapter 7, we describes the processing flow combining the methods developed in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6. The paper is then summarized, including future prospects.