Taxonomic classification of whole eukaryotes using conserved proteins or nucleotide sequences that are used as criteria looks convenient and easy. However, these methods may not be reliable to long evolutionary history if their function is developed or degenerated in their life history. The sequence-based classification methods depending on the functional conservation may cause unknown bias. In this study, we propose novel classification using intron positions in a gene, which are not related to function. Intron positions of highly conserved ribosomal protein RPS13 gene were selected as novel criteria for the classification of whole eukaryotes from lower unicellular amoeba, algae, and flagellates to plants and animals. RPS13 gene encodes 151 amino acids and possesses 453 bp exon sequence in many eukaryotic organisms. The intron positions are determined based on their coding exon sequences, in which all the introns are designated by the positions from the first nucleotide of the start codon and the position numbers are attached with ‘i’ for intron indication. For example, human RPS13 gene contains introns at the positions of 24i, 73i, 152i, 322i, and 423i sites on the coding sequence. Interestingly, all the Deuterostomia animals including starfish, leech, and octopus showed the same intron positions to human. Similarly, all the land plants showed 24i, 97i, 236i, and 423i positions. In lower unicellular eukaryotes, which showed nonintron or variety of positions, only amoeba Lenisia limosa has the intron position of 152i site and Chlorophyta Pedinophyceae sp. has single 97i position, suggesting that they may be the ancestral organisms of animals and plants, respectively. As a conclusion, intron positions of RPS13 gene can be used as a guide for the taxonomic classification of eukaryotic organisms

This is the final part of the series of a case study on translation of a dubbed film from Japanese into English on a Cognitive Linguistics perspective. Focusing on Venuti' s (1995, 2013) domestication and foreignization in translation, Sadamitsu (2020) analyzed the gaps in language / culture and in time between the source and the target text of translation, and demonstrated that domesticated samples were found far more than foreignized ones in order to fill the gaps far more in language / culture than in time. Sadamitsu (2022) went on to conduct more precise analyses on how the translators have dealt with the gabs between the two languages by closely looking at their domesticating strategies for English readers/audience of the film. Specifically, their coping strategies of adding / deleting information of the source text were discussed there. And this paper will examine that of changing information of the source text, which was left untouched in the former papers, to conclude the research series. It will be also discussed here that translation activities are conducted under a powerful and invisible pressure which forces the translators to domesticate the contents more acceptable in the translated culture and society, apparently without noticing it.

本論文は2022年９月10日に実施した，日本人間性心理学会第41回大会自主シンポジウムでの発表内容を加筆修正したものである。当日は押江が企画者および話題提供者を，上西と田中が話題提供者を，髙橋が指定討論者を務めた。これは，デジタルトランスフォーメーション（DX）時代における人間性心理学の位置づけや今後の課題を議論するものである。

China has been struggling with waste classification for decades, even after the mandatory implementation of relevant policy in 2017. However, the causes of the failing performance of waste classification in developing countries attract little scholarly attention. A recent literature review also identified a failure to classify waste in developing countries, noting that its causes have attracted little scholarly interest. In this paper, we would like to examine the current situation and issues of policies for classifying household waste in China's urban sector. In this paper, we conducted a questionnaire survey of residents in Changsha City, Hunan Province, examined their awareness of waste classification, classifying behavior, and their awareness of paying for waste reduction, elucidated the factors that affect them, and estimated the amount of willing to pay (WTP) for waste reduction. In this paper, endogenous factors are more significant influencing behaviors than exogenous factors.

In the 2000s, English-Medium Instruction (EMI) in non-English countries developed worldwide. Japan is one of these countries and the number of English-based students who cannot utilize Japanese language increased. Some of the Japanese universities offer dormitories for international students, who can gradually get used to learning the Japanese way of life after they arrive in Japan. Some of the universities also offer cultural exchange programs for EMI students. However, due to the COVID-19, the situation has changed.

資産価格はしばしばファンダメンタル・バリューから乖離し，時として金融市場は資産価格の大きな下落や変動に見舞われる．急激な資産価格変動を緩和するための措置として，多くの国々で空売り規制が導入されてきた．本稿は空売り規制の導入が資産価格に与える影響を分析する．私的情報や価格支配力を持つ投資家と私的情報を持たない価格受容的な投資家が混在する資産市場を想定する．空売り規制の導入が事前に予期されていない場合，空売り規制が資産価格をファンダメンタル・バリューから乖離させることが明らかになった．これは資産価格の変動を大きくすることにもつながる．とりわけ資産価格の下支えが望まれるような下落相場の状況では，空売り規制の導入はより一層の価格下落をもたらすことになる．