Hypothermia and focal brain cooling (FBC) demonstrate neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke, but their invasiveness limits clinical use. We explored transient receptor potential (TRP) channels as an alternative, focusing on TRP Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), which operates within the temperature range of FBC. Activation of TRPA1 has been reported to offer neuroprotection, suggesting it may contribute to the effects seen with FBC. We hypothesized that pharmacological activation of TRPA1 could replicate the neuroprotective effects of FBC, providing a less invasive treatment for cerebral infarction. We examined the effects of a TRPA1 agonist and FBC in focal cerebral ischemia induced by photochemically triggered thrombosis in wild-type (WT) and TRPA1 knockout (KO) mice. In WT mice, intracerebroventricular administration of the TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate reduced infarct size by approximately half, comparable to FBC. TRPA1 KO mice had larger infarcts than WT, but FBC significantly reduced infarct size in both groups. Furthermore, Evans blue extravasation, used to assess the extent of blood-brain barrier disruption, was approximately twice as high in TRPA1KO mice compared to WT mice. These findings underscore the neuroprotective potential of TRPA1 agonists and the increased vulnerability against ischemia with TRPA1 deficiency. However, the neuroprotective effects of TRPA1 activation are likely mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of FBC. Our study suggests TRPA1 channels are crucial for ischemic stroke protection and may offer a novel therapeutic approach.

Focal brain cooling (FBC) at 15℃ and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) deficiency relieve brain infarction. TRPV4 channels are inactivated by cooling (< 27℃), suggesting that the anti-ischemic effects of FBC include those of TRPV4 inactivation. However, the extent to which TRPV4 inactivation contributes to the anti-ischemic, anti- blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and anti-apoptosis effects of FBC on cerebral infarction remains unclear. We investigated the contribution and mechanisms of RN1734, a TRPV4 antagonist, in FBC for cerebral infarction using TRPV4 knockout and wild-type mice. Focal cerebral infarction was induced by photochemically induced thrombosis. Infarct volume, BBB disruption, and number of apoptotic cells were evaluated. The TRPV4 antagonist or deficiency showed similar anti-ischemic and anti-BBB disruptive effects to those of FBC. Intracerebroventricular injection of RN1734 showed a similar reduction in the number of apoptotic cells to that of FBC. These anti-ischemic and -apoptotic effects were completely inhibited with injection of GSK1016790A, a TRPV4 agonist, immediately before FBC. Our results showed that TRPV4 modulation is the primary factor contributing to the antiischemic effects of FBC, and TRPV4 channel inactivation relieve focal ischemic infarction by relieving BBB disruption and preventing apoptosis. Therefore, FBC treatment improves ischemic stroke through the modulation of TRPV4 channels.