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PCAGIP法は、事例提供者の提出した簡単な事例資料をもとに、ファシリテーターと参加者が協力して参加者の力を最大限に引き出し、その経験と知恵から事例提供者に役立つ新しい取り組みの方向や具体的ヒントを見いだしていくプロセスを学ぶグループ体験である。本研究では対面でのPCAGIP法を、可能な限りそのままのかたちでオンラインにて実施し、そのセッションの過程と参加者の感想から、オンラインPCAGIPならではの利点および問題点を検討し、その視点から改めてPCAGIP法の特徴について議論した。PCAGIP法はオンラインでも実施可能であり、多様な参加者を獲得できる可能性を有していること、今後は対面PCAGIPとオンラインPCAGIPの目的に応じた使い分けも有効といえるであろうこと、オンラインPCAGIPは身体性の欠如したテレプレゼンスを前提としており、それはもはやPCAGIP法そのものではないかもしれないこと等を論じた。

This study examined the influences of arousal of anticipatory regret by status quo bias on the suppression of hind sight bias. In this study, travel risk in situations of high risk of COVID-19 infection was considered a factor evoking anticipatory regrets, and population density in the area of residence was considered to affect subjective risk of infection for COVID-19. Considering that the experimental participants in this study were university students at a local university, three regions were selected as the evoked travel destinations: overseas countries, urban areas in Japan, and rural areas in Japan. The results of the bias analysis showed that anticipatory regret suppressed the hindsight bias in the overseas condition, while anticipatory regret promoted the hind-sight bias in the rural condition.

ある物体が人間の顔のように見える現象を顔パレイドリアと呼ぶ。本研究では、顔パレイドリアの表情認知に与える性格特性の影響を調べることを目的として調査を行った。調査協力者は、提示された顔パレイドリア画像と人間の顔画像に対し、５つの感情（幸福、悲しみ、驚き、怒り、嫌悪）をどの程度表しているかを評定した。その後、性格特性（BigFive、共感性）の質問紙に回答をした。調査の結果、人間の顔と比較して顔パレイドリアでは複数の表情認知をしやすく、性格特性のうち特に外向性と関連があることが分かった。さらに、外向性の低い人は驚き画像と怒り画像から幸福の表情を読み取りやすいことが示された。

Imitation is simple behavior which uses successful actions of others in order to deal with one’s own problems. Because success of imitation generally depends on whether profit of an imitating agent coincides with those of other agents or not, game theory is suitable for specifying situations where imitation can be successful. One of the concepts describing successfulness of imitation in repeated two-player symmetric games is unbeatability. For infinitely repeated two-player symmetric games, a necessary and sufficient condition for some imitation strategy to be unbeatable was specified. However, situations where imitation can be unbeatable in multi-player games are still not clear. In order to analyze successfulness of imitation in multi-player situations, here we introduce a class of totally symmetric games called unexploitable games, which is a natural extension of two-player symmetric games without exploitation cycles. We then prove that, for infinitely repeated unexploitable games, there exist unbeatable imitation strategies. Furthermore, we also prove that, for infinitely repeated non-trivial unexploitable games, there exist unbeatable zero-determinant strategies, which unilaterally enforce some relationships on payoffs of players. These claims are demonstrated in the public goods game, which is the simplest unexploitable game. These results show that there are situations where imitation is unbeatable even in multi-player games.

本研究では、友人などの他者と一緒にいる状況ではなく自分一人でいる状況ですべての座席が空席であることを想定した場面を設定し、出入口の位置と教卓の有無を操作したうえで、座席選択の志向性が、出入口の位置と教卓の有無によって異なるか否か、また、座席選択の志向性とパーソナリティとの関連について、182名の協力者のもと、Web調査を行った。調査の結果、出入口の影響がある群の人数は教室よりも自習室の方が多く、出入口の影響がない群は自習室よりも教室の方が多かった。また、教室においては、出入口の影響なし群よりも出入口の影響あり群の方が、神経症傾向、視線による不安・恐怖が高い傾向にあることが示された。座席選択行動が、出入口の位置や教卓の有無といった部屋のつくりや用途の違いによって影響を受けること、その影響の度合いが選択者のパーソナリティによって異なる可能性が示唆された。

注視点の周辺文字量が文の理解度と読書速度に与える影響について検討した。視力をもとに実験参加者を２つの群に分けたところ、理解度テストの得点において、低視力者に比べ高視力者の得点が高くなった一方、読書速度においては視力による差が見られなかった。高視力者は理解度を高めるために読書速度を落としていた、あるいは、低視力者は読書速度を上げる代わりに理解度を低下させていたことが考えられる。また、読書量をもとに実験参加者を２つの群に分けたところ、画面に３～４行ずつ提示した文章では、読書量が少ない者は多い者に比べ、主観的な理解度を高く回答した。読書量が多い者はどの提示形態も同程度文字を捉えることができた。一方、読書量が少ない者は、画面全体に全文提示している文章では文字を的確に捉えることが難しいため、空白によって集中して文を読むことができた文章をより理解できたように感じたことが考えられる。

大学陸上競技選手と一般学生を対象として、多回旋跳びを段階的に増やした４週間の縄跳びトレーニングが伸張－短縮サイクル（SSC）運動遂行能力と走跳能力に及ぼす影響を検討した。陸上選手は通常のトレーニングのみ行わせる群と、それに加えて縄跳びトレーニングを行わせる群に分けた。縄跳びはできる限り短い接地時間で行わせた。縄跳びトレーニングによって、陸上選手では最大連続跳躍（RJ）の跳躍高/接地時間の値（RJ-index値）および走跳種目の記録に変化はなかったが、同じ縄跳びトレーニングを行わせた一般学生ではRJ-index値と立ち幅跳びの記録が向上した。個人値を用いた検討の結果、90回/分の１回旋跳びでは２回旋跳びに比べて接地時間は長い傾向があったが跳躍高は高く、RJ-index値は同程度であった。縄跳びトレーニングによって陸上選手では効果はないが、一般学生のSSC運動遂行能力は向上する可能性があること、また、リズムが約90回/分の短い接地時間での１回旋跳びは多回旋跳びとともにSSC運動遂行能力を高めるトレーニング手段となる可能性が示唆された。

We investigate symmetric equilibria of mutual reinforcement learning when both players alternately learn the optimal memory-two strategies against the oppo-nent in the repeated prisoners' dilemma game. We provide a necessary condi-tion for memory-two deterministic strategies to form symmetric equilibria. We then provide three examples of memory-two deterministic strategies which form symmetric mutual reinforcement learning equilibria. We also prove that mu-tual reinforcement learning equilibria formed by memory-two strategies are also mutual reinforcement learning equilibria when both players use reinforcement learning of memory-n strategies with n > 2.

The Japanese Bridge Management System (J-BMS) RC version consists of the following three subsystems: (1) a bridge maintenance database system (J-BMS DB), (2) a concrete bridge rating expert system (RC-BREX) and (3) a maintenance plan optimization system (MPOS). Especially, in this paper, the RC-BREX system for deteriorating concrete bridges is described based on how to construct from a hierarchical neural network in order to carry out fuzzy inference and machine learning by using the neural network with the back-propagation method. Furthermore, the comparisons between diagnostic results by bridge experts and those of the proposed system are presented so as to demonstrate the validity of the system’s learning capability by using the training set for machine learning which obtained from inspection on actual in-service bridges and questionnaire surveys by bridge experts.

Taiwan has not yet been singed the “Convention on Nuclear Safety; CNS” that was adopted by the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA） in 1994. However, if these international activities help promote nuclear safety, Taiwan must participate in it and fulfill its related obligations. Therefore, despite Taiwan being a non-member state to the CNS, it is required by the Convention to act as a member state to meet all the requirements addressed in the CNS. Ensuring the public trust of nuclear safety regulations in the most important policy issue for the location, operation, waste disposal and off-commissioning of nuclear power plants, etc. As part of an international comparison of nuclear safety regulatory bodies in the East Asian region, this note organizes and evaluates the independence and transparency of Taiwan’s regulatory bodies.

The purpose of this paper is to present a macroeconomic model, in which the bank determine the loan interest rate and the deposit interest rate by assuming the loan demand curve and the deposit supply curve. The bank adjusts the loan interest rate and the deposit interest rate while observing the difference between the assumed demand for loan and the actual demand for loan.

Some textbooks of formal languages and automata theory implicitly state the structural equality of the binary n-dimensional de Bruijn graph and the state diagram of minimum state deterministic finite automaton which accepts regular language (0+1)*1(0+1)^{n-1}. Although the isomorphism in binary case is relatively easy to prove, it is desirable to rigorously prove such an isomorphism in general k-ary case. To achieve this purpose, the author introduces a new computational model, called "colored finite automata (CFA)," and give a certain characterization of the general k-ary de Bruijn graphs by regular languages. The second purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of this automaton with multi-colored accepting states. By the way, when CFA is nondeterministic (NCFA), it is desirable that the colors of accepting states are unmixed (i.e., there are no inputs that are accepted with differently colored accepting states) in order to pursuit the accurate identification. Thus, the author proposes the three decision problems (Unmixedness Verification problem, Unmixedness Partitioning problem, and Unmixedness Extension problem) concerning unmixedness and show that UV, UP, and UE problems are shown to be NLOG-complete, P, and NP-complete, respectively. The author also illustrates the applications of colored finite automata, e.g. to existing regular expression engines and model checking tools for the purpose of improvement of their efficiency and conveniency. Next, the author introduces "colored pushdown automaton (CPDA)" which is an ordinary pushdown automaton with colored accepting states. It is shown that while the computational complexity of the above-mentioned UV, UP, and UE problems of CPDA are all undecidable, restriction of CPDA are all undecidable, restriction of CPDAs to unambiguous ones simplifies some problems of them to the permanently true problems. In this way, the concept of colored accepting states can be applied to a wide range of automata that have a set of accepting states and expected to be useful in a wide range of theoretical and practical field of automata applications in the future.