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China has been struggling with waste classification for decades, even after the mandatory implementation of relevant policy in 2017. However, the causes of the failing performance of waste classification in developing countries attract little scholarly attention. A recent literature review also identified a failure to classify waste in developing countries, noting that its causes have attracted little scholarly interest. In this paper, we would like to examine the current situation and issues of policies for classifying household waste in China's urban sector. In this paper, we conducted a questionnaire survey of residents in Changsha City, Hunan Province, examined their awareness of waste classification, classifying behavior, and their awareness of paying for waste reduction, elucidated the factors that affect them, and estimated the amount of willing to pay (WTP) for waste reduction. In this paper, endogenous factors are more significant influencing behaviors than exogenous factors.
Creators : Liu Sicai | Chen Li-chun Publishers : The Economic Society of Yamaguchi University Date Issued : 2022-11-30
Imitation is simple behavior which uses successful actions of others in order to deal with one’s own problems. Because success of imitation generally depends on whether profit of an imitating agent coincides with those of other agents or not, game theory is suitable for specifying situations where imitation can be successful. One of the concepts describing successfulness of imitation in repeated two-player symmetric games is unbeatability. For infinitely repeated two-player symmetric games, a necessary and sufficient condition for some imitation strategy to be unbeatable was specified. However, situations where imitation can be unbeatable in multi-player games are still not clear. In order to analyze successfulness of imitation in multi-player situations, here we introduce a class of totally symmetric games called unexploitable games, which is a natural extension of two-player symmetric games without exploitation cycles. We then prove that, for infinitely repeated unexploitable games, there exist unbeatable imitation strategies. Furthermore, we also prove that, for infinitely repeated non-trivial unexploitable games, there exist unbeatable zero-determinant strategies, which unilaterally enforce some relationships on payoffs of players. These claims are demonstrated in the public goods game, which is the simplest unexploitable game. These results show that there are situations where imitation is unbeatable even in multi-player games.
Creators : Ueda Masahiko Publishers : IEEE Date Issued : 2023-01-10
編集後記
村上春樹とアダプテーション研究 Volume 1
Creators : Yamane Yumie Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
Creators : 阿部 翔太 Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
Creators : ダルミ カタリン Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
Creators : 内田 康 Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
中村三春著『接続する文芸学』
村上春樹とアダプテーション研究 Volume 1
Creators : 跡上 史郎 Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
Creators : 藤城 孝輔 Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
Creators : Yamane Yumie Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
Creators : 伊藤 弘了 Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
Creators : 内田 康 Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
Creators : Yamane Yumie Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
創刊の辞
村上春樹とアダプテーション研究 Volume 1
Creators : Yamane Yumie Publishers : 村上春樹とアダプテーション研究会 Date Issued : 2023-01-31
We investigate symmetric equilibria of mutual reinforcement learning when both players alternately learn the optimal memory-two strategies against the oppo-nent in the repeated prisoners' dilemma game. We provide a necessary condi-tion for memory-two deterministic strategies to form symmetric equilibria. We then provide three examples of memory-two deterministic strategies which form symmetric mutual reinforcement learning equilibria. We also prove that mu-tual reinforcement learning equilibria formed by memory-two strategies are also mutual reinforcement learning equilibria when both players use reinforcement learning of memory-n strategies with n > 2.
Creators : Ueda Masahiko Publishers : Elsevier Date Issued : 2023-03-01
Creators : Hintereder-Emde Franz Publishers : Yamaguchi University Faculty of Humanities Cross-cultural interchange & research institute Date Issued : 2022-08-01
Creators : Kashiwaki Yasuko | Yoshida Masaki | Uehara Masafumi Date Issued : 2022-09
Zero-determinant strategies are memory-one strategies in repeated games which unilaterally enforce linear relations between expected payoffs of players. Recently, the concept of zero-determinant strategies was extended to the class of memory-n strategies with n _ 1, which enables more compli-cated control of payoffs by one player. However, what we can do by memory-n zero-determinant strategies is still not clear. Here, we show that memory-n zero-determinant strategies in repeated games can be used to control condi-tional expectations of payoffs. Equivalently, they can be used to control ex-pected payoffs in biased ensembles, where a history of action pro_les with large value of bias function is more weighted. Controlling conditional expectations of payoffs is useful for strengthening zero-determinant strategies, because play-ers can choose conditions in such a way that only unfavorable action pro_les to one player are contained in the conditions. We provide several examples of memory-n zero-determinant strategies in the repeated prisoner's dilemma game. We also explain that a deformed version of zero-determinant strategies is easily extended to the memory-n case.
Creators : Ueda Masahiko Publishers : Springer Nature Date Issued : 2022-09-05
Zero-determinant strategies are a class of memory-one strategies in repeated games which unilaterally enforce linear relationships between payoffs. It has long been unclear for what stage games zero-determinant strategies exist. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of zero-determinant strategies. This condition can be interpreted as the existence of two different actions which unilaterally adjust the total value of a linear combination of payoffs. A relation between the class of stage games where zero-determinant strategies exist and other class of stage games is also provided.
Creators : Ueda Masahiko Publishers : Physical Society of Japan Date Issued : 2022-07-11
The quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem is categorized as an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. The variable neighborhood search (VNS) algorithm is one of the leading algorithms used to solve QUBO problems. As neighborhood structure change is the central concept in the VNS algorithm, the design of the neighborhood structure is crucial. This paper presents a modified VNS algorithm called "B-VNS", which can be used to solve QUBO problems. A binomial trial was used to construct the neighborhood structure, and this was used with the aim of reducing computation time. The B-VNS and VNS algorithms were tested on standard QUBO problems from Glover and Beasley, on standard max-cut problems from Helmberg-Rendl, and on those proposed by Burer, Monteiro, and Zhang. Finally, Mann-Whitney tests were conducted using α = 0.05, to statistically compare the performance of the two algorithms. It was shown that the B-VNS and VNS algorithms are able to provide good solutions, but the B-VNS algorithm runs substantially faster. Furthermore, the B-VNS algorithm performed the best in all of the max-cut problems, regardless of problem size, and it performed the best in QUBO problems, with sizes less than 500. The results suggest that the use of binomial distribution, to construct the neighborhood structure, has the potential for further development.
Creators : Pambudi Dhidhi | Kawamura Masaki Publishers : Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Date Issued : 2022-06-02
Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have attracted considerable attention in relation to providing a reliable and convenient power supply. Among the challenges in this area are maintaining the performance of the WPT system with the presence of a human body and minimizing the induced physical quantities in the human body. This study proposes a magnetic resonant coupling WPT (MRC-WPT) system that utilizes a resonator with a grounded loop to mitigate its interaction with a human body and achieve a high-efficiency power transfer at a short range. Our proposed system is based on a grounded loop to reduce the leakage of the electric field, resulting in less interaction with the human body. As a result, a transmission efficiency higher than 70% is achieved at a transmission distance of approximately 25 cm. Under the maximum-efficiency conditions of the WPT system, the use of a resonator with a grounded loop reduces the induced electric field, the peak spatial-average specific absorption rate (psSAR), and the whole-body averaged SAR by 43.6%, 69.7%, and 65.6%, respectively. The maximum permissible input power values for the proposed WPT systems are 40 and 33.5 kW, as prescribed in the International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines to comply with the limits for local and whole-body average SAR.
Creators : Duan Xianyi | Lan Junqing | Diao Yinliang | Gomez-Tames Jose | Hirayama Hiroshi | Hotta Masashi | Fischer George | Hirata Akimasa Publishers : MDPI AG Date Issued : 2021-11-03
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