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現在、様々な機械学習手法が考案され、比較的簡単に使うことができるようになっている。前回の研究［1］では、手の動作識別やそれを利用したカーソルの動きについて、深層学習を用いて学習回数が少なく高精度に識別する手法を用いたが、本研究ではその他の機械学習手法ではどうなのかを調査する。一つ一つ機械学習の手法を試していくのは、時間がかかるため、かなりの部分を自動化し、複数のモデルを比較できるPyCaretというPythonのライブラリを用いて実験を行う。PyCaretは、環境によってインストールに少し時間がかかることもあるが、それ以上に自動化によって受ける恩恵は大きい。PyCaretを使い、性能が高いモデルを探索し、それを使って 3動作識別を行うことで、遅延が少なく正確なカーソル操作を目指す。本手法では動作識別のたびに再学習が必要となるが、比較的シンプルな構成でコストも低いことから、筋電義手への応用に有用ではないかと考えられる。また、今回も前回の研究［1］を引き継ぎ、Arduino Uno R3 やMyoWare筋電センサといった安価で、手軽に実験できる機器を用いる。

高等学校理科物理分野で学習する音のドップラー効果について、五感を用いた『定性的理解』と１波長の長さを時間に換算し、その波長の変化を具体的に比較する『定量的理解』の双方からドップラー効果の理解度向上に寄与する教材の提案並びに定量的評価を行った。実験教材には音源を等速直線運動させる方法を採用することにより、音源を円運動させた場合に発生する「うなり」の影響を無効化させ、さらに、日常生活における救急車の接近・離反の現象体感を容易に再現することが可能となった。ステッピングモーターを動力として音源を高速移動させることにより、『聴覚的』に音の高さの変化を体感し、同時に観測した波形から『視覚的』に１波長の長さの変化を捉えることを通して、ドップラー効果の原理を理解するための学習に結びつけることが期待できる結果を得た。

小学校第五学年理科の単元「電流がつくる磁力」における『電磁石』に注目し、児童の電磁石の 特性に関する理解度向上を目指した教材の開発及び定量的評価を行った。検定教科書に記載されて いるコイルを構成するエナメル線の直径条件0.3～0.6 mmを含む広範囲（直径0.1～0.8 mm）のエナ メル線を用いて、磁力、温度変化並びに流れる電流値を測定し、教材に適した条件の検証を行った。 磁力においては従来用いられている釘・クリップ・ワッシャーといった鉄製品が引き付けられる個 数を比べることに加え、テスラメーターを用いたコイル断面（質点）における磁束密度の定量的測 定を行った。さらに、乾電池の内部抵抗の影響を明らかにするために直流電源装置、アルカリ乾電 池、マンガン乾電池という異なる3つの電源を用いた比較測定を行い、内部抵抗の存在そのもの並 びに乾電池の劣化に伴う内部抵抗の増加がどのくらい磁力に影響を与えるかを具体的に明らかにし た。得られた結果を総合的に評価することにより、乾電池1個分の起電力である1.5 Vの電圧を使用 する条件下においては、直径0.5 mmのエナメル線（長さ10 m）を用いることが最も適していると いう結論に至った。

教育において問いは極めて重要である。問いについては多くの理論的、実践的な研究の成果があ る。しかし、これらの研究では問いとはどのようなものであるかなどの原理的な考察を欠く。その ため、問いは学習者にとって探究すべきものではないこともある。つまり、問う者が不在なのであ る。実存論的とは、問う者であるわれわれのあり方から考察することである。さらに、問う者であ るわれわれは真理を求める。実存論的な真理は自己との関係によって明らかにされる。以上から次 の３点について論じている。第１に、日常的実践としての問いは、実践に埋没していることである。 第２に、科学的認識としての問いは、客観的真理に呪縛されることである。第３に、本来的実存の 可能性としての問いである。本来的実存は、自己と世界の関係において真理を問うこととなる。そ のため、自己と世界の関係性を問い直し新たな実践を作り出す可能性を秘めることになるのである。

本研究の目的は、教員のジェンダー観や校種、および性別により、児童生徒への意識や関わりに 違いがあるかについて、児童生徒側の性別も合わせて検討することである。対象は小中学校の教員 123名（小学校男性27名、小学校女性53名、中学校男性24名、中学校女性19名）で、2022年12月に 質問紙調査を実施した。質問紙の構成は、「役割分業観」と、男女の児童生徒それぞれに対する「生 徒への抵抗感」「指導上の困難感」であった。分析の結果、小学校男性教員は女子児童への関わり は難しいという意識が高い可能性があること、小学校女性教員は男女区別なく接している意識が高 いことが考えられた。また、中学校教員は男性教員・女性教員いずれも同性の生徒に関わりやすさ や理解しやすさを感じている可能性が示唆された。

In science classes, the use of a microscope evokes an enthusiastic and exciting response from students. When students attempt to gain an understanding of the size of samples under a microscope, micrometers of two types are generally required to measure sizes. An eyepiece micrometer contains an attached eyepiece lens, while a stage micrometer is placed on the stage to provide accurate information pertaining to length. When the magnification of the objective lens is changed, the scale of the eyepiece micrometer is changed. Hence, we need to measure the scale of the eyepiece micrometer before observation for each magnification. However, students can find this principle difficult to comprehend when calculating the ratio. In this study, we introduced teaching material demonstrating the eyepiece micrometer using a kitchen towel wick in an effort to explain the principle of scale when using a microscope. This approach should prove useful in helping to clarify the principle using simple material that students can easily make themselves. Finally, this method should facilitate an understanding of difficult concepts by encouraging students to experience changes in image size from different perspectives using familiar materials, or in other words, elements of “STEAM”.

昨今，校則の見直しの動きが加速するなかで，校則の内容や必要性を理解するためには，各校則の制定理由を理解し，子どもと学校が互いに納得していることが重要であると考える。本研究では「小学校の校則に複数の制定理由を想定し『校則の種類』や『個人特性』が校則の制定理由に対する納得の程度に与える影響を検討する」ことを目的する。これにより，校則に関する学校の説明責任を果たす一助となることに加え，各学校の校則が「社会通念上合理的と認められる範囲」であるかどうかを再考するきっかけになることを期待する。また，アンケート調査の回答を基に分析した結果により，どの理由においても納得しにくい校則について，当該校則の必要性の再考を提案した。

本研究では顔の記憶課題成績と自閉傾向との関連の有無を調べた。実験の結果，自閉傾向全体の得点と顔記憶の再認課題成績についての関連は見られなかった。また，自閉傾向尺度の下位尺度の一つである「注意の切り替え」については，制限のない実験と概念情報によって記憶する実験において，注意の切り替え得点が高い群の方が成績が高かった。本研究の結果から再認記憶課題成績と自閉傾向得点との関連は見られなかったが，注意の切り替えの部分においては顔の記憶課題に影響がある可能性が示された。

本研究では“あがり”を軽減する要因として練習量を調整要因として，さらに，楽観主義傾向と悲観主義傾向に着目し，これらの要因が“あがり”意識と課題遂行に与える影響について検討した。その結果，練習量が多い条件では少ない条件と比較して課題遂行における失敗数が少なかったものの“あがり”意識に変化はみられなかった。練習量と楽観主義，また練習量と悲観主義の分散分析の結果，優位な差はみられなかった。また練習量が多いことにより楽観主義と“あがり”意識を構成する因子の１つである責任感に負の相関がみられた。以上より，楽観主義傾向の者には量の多い練習が“あがり”意識の軽減効果を持つ可能性があることが示された。

本研究では、公立小学校通常の学級に在籍する児童１名を対象とし、授業に参加しない離席行動を減少させ、授業に参加する行動がより生起（増加）するように、長期研修派遣教員と行動コンサルテーションを実施し、その効果等について検討することを目的とした。離席行動等に関するアセスメントの後、同校教員９名の協力によって作成されたストラテジー・シートに基づき、支援員も同席するフィードバック機会の設定、学級全体への支援と個別の支援の並行実践、複数の機能に対応する行動支援の同時、段階的導入を行った。それらにより、離席行動は激減し、授業に参加する行動が増え、担任の負担感も軽減した。このような結果をもたらした要因として、行動コンサルテーション実践（１）に引き続き設置した垂直サインによる提示方法、担任に対する支援案にアレンジを加えることも可とした配慮等が挙げられ、当研究で実施された行動コンサルテーションの有効性が示された。

本研究では、公立小学校通常の学級に在籍する児童１名を対象とし、大声による授業妨害行動を減少させ、発言のルールを守って学習に取り組む行動がより生起（増加）するように、長期研修派遣教員と行動コンサルテーションを実施し、その効果等について検討することを目的とした。大声による授業妨害行動に関するアセスメントの後、介入では、行動問題の生起が少ない教科における担任教師の児童に対する行動を介入案とすること、それを端的な言葉で表現した「担任支援カード」を設置する工夫等を行った。その結果、大声による授業妨害行動は減少し、担任教師の話を黙って聴く、待つなどの行動が増加した。このような結果をもたらした要因として、第３者による直接行動観察に基づく行動問題の機能同定、担任教師の技能を生かす介入案、垂直サインによる提示方法が有効であったことが示され、校内におけるコンサルテーションの有効性が示唆された。

電解質を水に溶解する際、体積の加成性は破綻し、その体積変化の程度は電解質の種類によって異なる。これは主にイオンの大きさと電荷の違いにより、水和構造に違いが生じることによる。学校でも実施可能な簡単な実験によって電解質の溶解における体積変化の非加成性を確認できれば、水分子がイオンに結合して形成される水和イオンの構造や水分子の集まり方などを原子レベルで推論することが可能と考える。そこで、電解質を水に溶解させたときの体積変化を定量的に測定できる簡便な実験を考案し、いくつかの電解質を用いて実験を行った。その結果、電解質の違いによるわずかな体積変化の違いも定量的に測定することができた。それらの実験結果を用いて計算した各イオンのみかけの部分モル体積も、これまで報告されてきた値と調和的な結果を得た。

Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and its linked arrhythmias play a crucial role in determining the prognosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Our paper aimed to explore the potential protective effects of direct pharmacological intervention in the RV muscle using dantrolene (DAN), a stabilizer of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), against RV dysfunction and arrhythmia in a rat model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. To induce PAH, male 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats received MCT injections. The study also assessed the induction of ventricular tachycardia (VT) by catecholamines, examining RyR2-mediated Ca^{2+} release properties in isolated cardiomyocytes. Additionally, a pulmonary artery-banding model was established to evaluate the independent effects of chronic pressure overload on RV morphology and function. In the MCT-induced PAH rat model, findings revealed RV hypertrophy, dilation, and functional decline, resulting in 0% survival rate two months post-MCT induction. Conversely, chronic DAN treatment demonstrated improvements in these RV parameters and an 80% increase in survival. Furthermore, chronic DAN treatment prevented the dissociation of calmodulin from RyR2, inhibiting Ca^{2+} sparks and spontaneous Ca^{2+} transients in MCT-induced hypertrophied RV cardiomyocytes. Epinephrine induced VT in over 50% of rats with MCT-induced PAH, while chronic DAN treatment achieved complete suppression of VT. The paper concludes that stabilizing RyR2 with DAN holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach against the development of RV dysfunction and fatal arrhythmias associated with PAH.

Many mail filtering methods have been proposed, but they have not yet achieved perfect filtering. One of the reasons for this is the influence of modified words created by spammers to slip through the mail filtering, in which words are modified by insert symbols, spaces, HTML tags, etc. For example,“ price$ for be$t drug$! ”，“ priceC I A L I S ”， “ <font>se</font>xu<font>al</font> ”, etc. These are frequently replaced with new strings by changing the combination of symbols ,HTML tags etc. Mail filtering is a technique that captures trends in words in training mails (mails received in the past) and applies these trends to words in test mails (newly received emails). Some of the above modified words appear in both training and test mails, i.e., words that could be used as features of spam mail by using them unprocessed, while others appear only in test mails, i.e., words that have not been learned and require special processing (e.g., removal of symbols, search for similar words, etc.) for their use. However, existing methods do not make these distinctions and treat them in the same way. Therefore, in order to bring the filtering performance of the existing methods closer to perfect filtering, we developed a method in which the above modified words are separated into words that appear in both training and test mails and words that appear only in test mails, and each of these words is used for mail filtering. In this study, we treat the above modified words as ”strange words”. Typical examples of such strange words include, in addition to the above, new words included in ham mails, proper nouns used in close relationships, and abbreviations. The results of this study are as follows (1) In order to compare the filtering performance between strange words and other words, filtering experiments were conducted using existing methods with strange words, nouns, verbs, and adjectives. The results showed that the filtering performance of the strange words was the best. This means that strange words have a significant impact on the filtering performance, and we expect to improve the filtering performance of existing methods by developing a new method to utilize strange words. (2) In order to examine the breakdown of strange words, we counted the number of words that appeared in both training and test mails, and the number of words that appeared only in test mails. The results were compared with those obtained for nouns, verbs and adjectives. We found that there are a significant number of strange words that appear in both training and test mails, but only in one of the groups, i.e., ham or spam mail. Words with this appearance pattern are most useful for mail filtering. On the other hand, we found that there are many strange words that appear only in test mails, i.e., words that cannot be learned. We expect to improve the filtering performance by separating these strange words and developing a new method to use each of them. (3) For the use of strange words, we developed (A) a method for using words that appear in both training and test mails, and (B) a method for using words that appear only in test mails, respectively. (A) To examine the breakdown of strange words that appear in both training and test mails, we divided them into two categories: words that appear only in ham and spam mails, i.e., words with patterns that improve filtering performance, and words that do not, and examined their frequency of occurrence. The results showed that the words with appearance patterns that improve filtering performance tend to appear more frequently than those without such patterns. This means that by using words with a certain number of occurrences in filtering, it is possible to use more words that improve filtering performance. We developed a method to do this and conducted experiments with different threshold values to find the optimal value, and confirmed that setting the threshold around 7 improves filtering performance. (B) We compared the number of strange words that appear only in the test mails between ham and spam mails, and found that the number tends to be higher in spam mail than in ham mail. In order to utilize this difference for filtering, we proposed a method to set a uniform spam probability for strange words that appear only in the test mails, and attempted to find the optimal spam probability. As a result, setting the spam probability to 0.7 improved the filtering accuracy from 98.2% to 98.9%. By using (A) and (B) above together, both words that appear in both training and test mails and words that appear only in test mails can be used for mail filtering to increase accuracy. Mail filtering has been improved and its performance has reached its limit. In order to further improve accuracy, i.e., to approach perfect filtering, a new perspective is needed, and this paper provides one such perspective: the use of strange words. This paper is organized as follows. In Chapter 1, we review the background of mail filtering methods, discuss how spammers use strange words to slip through such filters. The purpose and structure of this paper are then presented. In Chapter 2, we will discuss related research on examples of filtering methods that have been proposed so far are given. In Chapter 3, we describe the mail datasets, word handling, and strange words used in the this paper. This is followed by an explanation of the ROC curve, which is the measure used to evaluate the filtering performance, and explanation of scatter plots and box-and-whisker plots. In Chapter 4, we compare the filtering performance between strange words and other words, and show that strange words have a significant impact on the filtering performance. Furthermore, based on the results of a breakdown of the number of strange words, we discuss the possibility of improving filtering performance by separating words that appear in both training and test mails from those that appear only in the test mails. We will work on this in the next chapters and report the results. In Chapter 5, we develop a method to use (A) above, i.e., strange words that appear in both training and test mails. From the results of counting the number of words used in the subject and body of each email, we show that the number tends to be smaller for words that degrade the filtering performance. Based on these results, we propose a method that sets a threshold for the number of words used in the subject and body of mails, and uses only those words that exceed the threshold for classification. Experiments are conducted to find the optimal value by varying the threshold, and the effect of this method on performance is reported. In Chapter 6, we develop a method to use (B) above, i.e., strange words that appear only in the test mails. We compare the number of types of these words in ham and spam mails, and show that the number tends to be larger in spam mails, and that this feature can be used as a bias for detecting spam mails. In this paper, we deal with experiments using bsfilter and develop a method to set spam probabilities uniformly for strange words that appear only in the test mails. After searching for the optimal spam probability, we report that a spam probability of 0.7 greatly improves the filtering performance. In Chapter 7, we describes the processing flow combining the methods developed in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6. The paper is then summarized, including future prospects.

Steel truss bridges, which are one of the bridge structures applicable to long spans, are widely used as marine bridges connecting mainland and remote island. Since such steel truss bridges are built on the sea, they are exposed to severe corrosive environment due to the influence of airborne salt. In addition, there are many parts where it is not easy to inspect to detect abnormalities, so it is more difficult to eliminate the risk of member damage in such steel truss bridges than in general bridges. On the other hand, once the marine bridges are built, they become an indispensable facility for the life of the island. Therefore, if there are no other traffic routes to access an island, the sustainability of the marine bridge is an important issue that is directly linked to the sustainability of the remote island life. When member damage occurs in a steel truss bridge, it depends on redundancy, which means the margin for the load-bearing capacity and load-bearing function, whether the damage develops into chain damage or remains limited damage. Bridges with redundancy could be restored by repairing even if the member damages occurred, because they did not develop into chain damages. In some cases, vehicles could pass through with traffic restrictions. Although redundancy is an important performance for maintaining life on remote islands that have no alternative traffic routes, there are few studies on evaluation and improvement methods of redundancy for long steel truss bridges used for marine bridges. The purpose of this study is to propose a method for improving the redundancy of long steel truss bridges, and three research subjects are set to achieve this purpose. The first study subject is the investigation of the effect of truss joint modeling on redundancy evaluation, and is the subject to appropriately evaluate the redundancy of steel truss bridges. The second is also the subject related to the redundancy evaluation of steel truss bridges, and is the development of dynamic response calculation method that considers the vibration characteristics of steel truss bridges, which are vibration systems with multiple degrees of freedom. The third study subject is a proposal for methods to improve the redundancy of long steel truss bridges. This paper consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction, and describes the background of the research, the setting of the purpose and research subjects, and the previous studies. Chapter 2 describes the study on the modeling of the truss joint. In the analysis of healthy steel truss bridges with no member damage, the sectional forces can be calculated appropriately even with analysis modeling in which frame elements of truss members are rigidly connected at the truss joints, simply. On the other hand, in the redundancy analysis of steel truss bridges with member damages, it is shown that it is necessary to consider the shape of the gusset plates at the truss joints in analysis modeling. Chapter 3 describes the study on the calculation method of dynamic response caused by damage of truss members. There are cases where the dynamic response due to member damage is calculated in the same way as a single-degree-of-freedom vibration system. However, this study develops a dynamic response calculation method considering the vibration characteristics of long steel truss bridges by using the eigenvector of steel truss bridges with member damage. A method is proposed to set the magnitude of the eigenvector using balance equation of the work given to the steel truss bridge by the sectional force unloaded from damaged member and the strain energy stored in the steel truss bridge. In addition, a method is proposed to calculate the dynamic response by setting the range of vibration modes using the sum of effective mass ratio, and selecting the eigenvector that has the greatest effect on the dynamic response for each member. It is shown that the proposed calculation method gives redundancy evaluation closer to time-history-response analysis than the method that calculates the dynamic response in the same way as a single-degree-offreedom vibration system. Chapter 4 describes the study on redundancy improvement for a long steel truss bridge. A combination of the countermeasure against members that trigger chain damage and the countermeasure against members with insufficient load-bearing capacity is planned. Analysis clarifies that the X bracing, which is a reinforcing structure in X shape, is an efficient reinforcement that works against multiple member damage cases as the countermeasure against the trigger member of member chain damage. Also, the load-bearing capacity is verified by a loading test of specimens with reinforced structures. Since the subject bridge has 18 truss panels where X bracing can be installed, the placement patterns were examined by the optimization method. It is clarified that the weight of reinforcing material can be reduced by installing X-braces only at four truss panels in the alternating areas, rather than installing at all 18 truss panels. Chapter 5 describes the summary of this study and future developments.