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Suto Taki

Affiliate Master Yamaguchi University

Modes of Virtues in Thomas Aquinas

The philosophical studies of Yamaguchi University Volume 30 Page 1-15
published_at 2023-03-23
哲学研究-第30巻-001.pdf
[fulltext] 1.36 MB
Title
トマス・アクィナスにおける徳のモドゥス
Modes of Virtues in Thomas Aquinas
Abstract
Thomas Aquinas uses the term “mode” (modus) in various contexts, and some remarkable usages are found in his discussions on virtues. Aquinas places virtues other than the four cardinal virtues in the “potential parts” of the cardinal virtues, for instance, placing generosity (liberalitas) as a potential part of justice. Although the potential parts of a cardinal virtue are not species of the cardinal virtue, they have close connections with it. In order to explain these connections, Aquinas says that the potential parts of a cardinal virtue agree with the cardinal virtue in mode. He also claims that the mode of a virtue is, as it were, a sort of a form of the virtue, whence the virtue derives its praise and its name (ST II-II, q. 157, a. 3). In this claim, we find metaphysical, ethical, and semantic aspects of modes.
In this article, we first examine Aquinas’s usages of “modes of virtues” in order to see these aspects of modes. We conclude that “mode” means “a limit which is not to be exceeded” and “a way.”
Next, we move on to the metaphysical aspect. Aquinas has elaborate discussions on “modes,” interpreting Augustine’s triad of “mode-species-order,” the three elements which Augustine claims to be in every good created being. We will analyse three major texts in which Aquinas treats the triad as three essential components of every good creature: ST I, q. 5, a. 5, De veritate, q. 21, a. 6, and ST II-I, q. 85, a. 4. By analyzing and connecting Aquinas’s different statements about modes, we clarify what modes are and how they are related to being (esse) and forms in Aquinas’s metaphysical system.
Finally, we consider the semantic aspect, building on the preceding analyses. Since “mode” is a word that can connote perfection as well as limitation, it is possible to state that God is a mode. Since the mode is a higher principle than the form, which determines the genus and species, the mode can be a foundation of analogical predication,
in which the same word is applied to things of different genera and beyond (i.e., God).
Creators Suto Taki
Affiliate Master Yamaguchi University
[kakenhi]15501 grid.268397.1
Source Identifiers [PISSN] 0919-357X
Languages jpn
Resource Type departmental bulletin paper
Publishers 山口大学哲学研究会
Date Issued 2023-03-23
File Version Version of Record
Access Rights open access
Funding Refs
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [crossref_funder]https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001691
Award The Virtues of Courage and Temperance in 13th century Europe 20K00005