doctoral thesis

In recent years, many reports have been made of damage to reservoir embankments due to frequent heavy rains and earthquakes. “Internal erosion” is the phenomenon in which soil particles move through the pore spaces of embankments and flow out of them because of long-term seepage in the soil structures of reservoirs and river embankments. Internal erosion is classified according to the scale and form of the erosion. “Suffusion” is the phenomenon in which only the fine-grained soil particles move through the pore spaces formed by the coarse-grained soil particles. Suffusion is known to cause an increase in hydraulic conductivity and a decrease in soil bearing capacity. However, the mechanisms and causes of the occurrence and progression of this phenomenon, as well as its effect on soil structures, have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of suffusion on the strength properties of reservoir embankments as well as the mechanism of the progression of suffusion, focusing on the particle size of the eroded soil particles. In Chapter 1, the background of the study and the classification of internal erosion were provided. In Chapter 2, the mechanism of suffusion and its effect on geomaterials, which have been clarified in previous studies, were described. In Chapter 3, the effect of suffusion on the strength properties was firstly investigated by means of soil samples used for the reservoir embankments which were determined to be at risk of suffusion based on an internal stability evaluation. A triaxial compression testing system was established to simulate the suffusion inside each specimen. In the testing system’s apparatus, only the fine particles were able to be discharged from the specimen through a sieve by supplying water. The results showed that changes in the peak and residual strength occurred independent of changes in the void ratio due to suffusion, and that the strength properties differed depending on the presence or absence of suffusion, even when the void ratio was the same as that before shearing. However, since the amount of erosion was small (less than 0.7% of the total), it is considered that the change in strength was influenced by the fine soil particles that moved through the specimen but remained in the specimen without finally flowing out of it. In Chapter 4, in order to define the mechanism of small-scale internal erosion, a method was devised to examine the temporal changes in the size of the discharged soil particles, focusing on the relationship between the concentration and the turbidity of the drainage. The above method was also applied to the drainage obtained by seepage with suffusion in Chapter 3. As a result, the erosion rates were found to correlate with the particle size of the discharged particles. In Chapter 5, a one-dimensional water-passing experiment with suffusion was conducted to investigate in detail the relationship among the flow rate, soil particle discharge, and turbidity of the drainage. The particle size composition of the discharged soil, which varied with the progress of suffusion, was examined using the method described in Chapter 4. The results showed that, under all conditions, the soil particles with smaller diameters were selected from among those that were able to pass through the wire mesh at the outlet boundary and then discharged. It was also found that the particle size composition of the discharged soil changed with time as the suffusion progressed, and that this trend varied greatly depending on the saturation degree of each specimen before the start of permeation. After the completion of the experiment, the particle size composition of the soil samples showed that not only the distribution of the erodible component in the height direction, but also the particle size composition of the erodible component itself became heterogeneous, suggesting that soil particles with smaller particle sizes moved longer distances through the pores. Furthermore, the effect of overburden pressure on the behavior of suffusion under constant hydraulic gradient conditions was explored, and it was revealed that higher overburden pressure resulted in less frequent suffusion when the hydraulic gradient was large. The particle size composition of the discharged soil was examined, and no difference was found among the various levels of overburden pressure. In addition, the progression of suffusion was investigated under a fluctuating hydraulic gradient. The suffusion continued even after 30 cycles of hydraulic gradient variation. The particle size composition of the discharged soil particles showed that the small soil particles, that flow easily, had already been discharged when the specimen was first subjected to permeation force, and that the soil particles discharged by the change in hydraulic gradient were relatively large in diameter. The particle size of the soil particles discharged by suffusion were seen to depend on the conditions surrounding the occurrence of suffusion and the time of the progression. In studies on suffusion, the particle size composition of the soil discharged by suffusion is a significant factor that changes over time and can be used to evaluate the degree of the progression of suffusion.

Sleep is an essential physiological process for the human body. People spend about one-third of their lives sleeping. Both sleep duration and sleep quality are important to human health. Sleep quality describes how restful and restorative the sleep process is. Over 80 sleep disorders are known to affect sleep quality. Among them, sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) is the second factor. Sleep-related breathing disorders are sleep disorders in which breathing abnormalities occur during sleep. Abnormal snoring and respiratory arrest or abnormally low breathing during sleep reduce oxygen levels in the blood, increasing the risk of depression, cardiovascular disease, stroke and even death. Therefore, monitoring and analysis of respiration during sleep is gaining increasing importance in healthcare. Polysomnography (PSG) is considered the gold standard for diagnosing sleep disorders, but PSG is usually performed in an unfamiliar sleep laboratory under the supervision of a medical technician and is often worn with many sensors that interfere with sleep. It is often the case. This research group is developing a breathing sound measurement system that constantly monitors the quality of sleep in general home environment. This system can easily measure breath sounds during sleep all night with high accuracy without disturbing sleep. The purpose of this research is to develop a technique to classify patterns of breathing sounds and to analyze the quality of breathing in order to more accurately analyze the state of sleep from breath sound information. There are various patterns of sleep breath sounds, such as normal breath sounds and snoring, and abnormal breath sounds and snoring. To develop a method to classify these patterns, to develop an algorithm to calculate ventilation from breath sounds, to estimate the sleep apnea index (AHI), and to assess the quality of breathing during sleep. try. Specifically, the temporal feature waveform (TCW) is calculated after partly removing the noise of the breathing sounds of sleep with a band-pass filter. Based on the time feature waveform, a respiratory signal effective for analysis is extracted from low-level signals and phase-divided into a respiratory phase and an apnea or low signal. Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) are then obtained for the respiratory phases, and an agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) algorithm is applied to distinguish between normal/abnormal breathing, normal/abnormal snoring, and normal/abnormal breathing. , tossing and turning, etc., which are less relevant to breathing. The categorized breathing patterns are analyzed every 30 seconds and the relative tidal volume of the breath is calculated. In addition to verifying the effectiveness and accuracy of the technology and analysis method proposed in this study, a method of estimating the apnea syndrome index (AHI) and converting the ventilation volume into high, medium, and low levels, We propose a method to evaluate the quality of breathing in a patient and verify its effectiveness. This paper consists of six chapters, including an introduction and conclusion. Chapter 1 introduces the background and overview of this research. Chapter 2 describes a signal-processing technique for analyzing breath sounds during sleep and a method for classifying breathing patterns. Breathing sound data during sleep often includes disturbed breathing due to bruxism or body movement, ambient environmental noise, etc. In this chapter, the Time Characteristic Waveform (TCW) and the Characteristic Moment Waveform (CMW) are calculated for respiratory sound signals that have undergone preprocessing, such as filtering noise to preprocess the respiratory sounds, and the segmentation of inspiration and expiration is performed. The Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (MFCC) are obtained for each respiratory cycle and applied as a feature vector to the Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) algorithm. This method is used to classify ordinary respiratory signals (normal and abnormal breathing, normal and abnormal snoring) from signals less relevant to respiration, such as tossing and turning and environmental noise. In Chapter 3, using the technology described in Chapter 2, breathing sound data during sleep are classified into apnea, hypopnea, normal breathing, abnormal breathing, normal snoring, and abnormal breathing for each 30-second frame. In addition, we describe a method for classifying events such as no snoring and rolling over and determining the respiratory state. In Chapter 4, we propose a method for estimating the apnea-hypopnea Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) for classified abnormal breath sounds and low-level breath sound signals, compare it with the diagnostic results of PSG, and examine its validity. And verify usefulness. Chapter 5 describes a method for estimating ventilation volume from breath sounds. Because normal breath sounds are correlated with ventilation, this study used a quantitative approach to calculate normal breathing and normal snoring and a qualitative method to calculate apnea/hypopnea and abnormal breath sounds. We will propose and compare it with the diagnosis result of PSG and verify its validity. In Chapter 6, as an application development, an example of applying the breathing sound classification method proposed in this study to heart sound analysis is presented. Finally, we will explain the construction of a data collection distribution system for sharing auscultation data collected at different facilities and hospitals using blockchain technology. Chapter 7 presents the conclusions and prospects of this study.

Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or the improvement in them (Schumpter, 1983). Innovation is closely related to invention as innovation is more on involving the practical implementation of a new or improved invention to make a meaningful impact in a market or society (Schumpter, 1939). On the other hand, innovative design is a process of identifying, pinpointing, and understanding the needs of the user or audience (Shaulis, 2021). Previously, Dixon (1966) defined innovative design as any design that is: new or different, or elegant or uses new ideas, or is an improvement over its peers. Once the market need has been identified, a solution can then be designed. In our proposed innovative design method, we introduced and investigated a method that is able to be applied in designing an intergrated system that could be a valuable solution to the society. This method starts with directly observe activities of things and real people in real trouble in the real field. Then, we think about the value of "I wish there were such things as…", visualize the story, draw a clear sketch to accomplish the story concretely. Next, we solidify the functions and specifications while investigating needs and competition. Then, we create a prototype that able to show and test your ideas, demonstrate to the people who need it, let them experience it, and gain feedback. Lastly, we evaluate the value of product design and development and plan methods for implementing it as an organization, and plan ways to improve and expand globally. All of the steps in this method are important for innovative design, however, in this research this time we focused on co-designing value, big idea, and considering as integrated steps for identifying latent needs of the consumers. It is because identifying needs is an important part in the product development process. Latent needs are those that many consumers recognize as important in a final product but unable to articulate in advance (Ulrich, 2015). The latent needs addressed in this study was focusing on identifying consumer requirements in product development in the innovative design method. The challenge in identifying latent needs is finding the method to elicit from consumers the needs which are not addressed by any inventors yet in the present market but would delight the consumers if delivered tomorrow. The purpose of this study is to propose and verify the method in the elicitation of latent needs from consumer needs by introducing a working prototype to the consumers, interviewing, and analyzing responses from the consumers. This research was conducted during the year the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic spread, most countries were forced to go into lockdown or declare an emergency state. The school was closed and business organizations needed to switch to working from home to prevent the spread. The parents were unable to work from home efficiently as they were worried their children will involve in dangerous incidents if the children were left by themselves. Based on this situation, this study was conducted in finding the latent needs of the parents, childcare workers, and children in order to assist them in going through their problems during this COVID-19 pandemic. The working prototype was used as material to prepare presentation slides for the consumers' interviews. The first presentation slides were focused on the background problems and ideas for the solutions while the second presentation slides provided consumers with a prototype and story of the product that was believed would be one of the solutions to the problems. Interviews were conducted after both slide presentations. Consumers' responses were obtained and interpreted into consumers' needs in terms of product functions. In the first study, consumers' interpreted needs from Problem-based interviews and Prototype and Story-based interviews were compared. Based on the results, latent needs interpreted from interviewees' responses and the categories of the needs obtained from the Prototype-based interviews are more than from the Problem-based interview. The latent needs that we were able to obtain from this research were for example, “The device is able to detect small changes in a child while watching he/she sleeping” which could lead into the prevention of unwanted incident such as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This supports our assumption that showing working prototype-based materials with story descriptions can be effective in uncovering potential latent needs. In the second study, it is assumed that experience, empathy, and knowledge of working prototype is essential elements in product development, therefore, new additional guidelines which are “to write a statement with empathy”, “to write a statement as a designer”, and “to write a statement as someone with experience” were proposed during consumers' needs interpretation to see whether these new guidelines will influence the process of identifying latent needs of consumers. From the result, it is concluded that the number of interpreted needs increased when we applied the new proposed guideline. Although the number is small, the needs might not be interpreted if the new guidelines were not considered. We were also able to obtain a few important latent needs when we applied these new guidelines. A latent need collected from applying the guideline "to write a statement as someone with experience" is “The device is not for teaching love and humanity but for monitoring by watching facial expression, posture, and vital signals such as temperature and heart rate”. We could conclude that including these guidelines upon interpreting raw data from the consumers’ interviews might lead into discovering important and critical latent needs of the consumers. In the third study, a quantitative evaluation method for identifying latent needs was introduced. The consumers' interpreted needs were rated according to a basis of rating from the three perspectives of importance, latent-ness, and technological feasibility. The Degree of Latent Needs (DLN) was calculated by multiplying these three metrics. Based on the result for the average and variance of DLN mean value for each evaluator which is sufficiently small, it indicates that the basis of rating for three metrics of the DLN is effective. The results also indicate that the 20 highest DLN points of the interpreted needs contain attractive features in terms of design. However, we had gotten some pushback on the average of each interpreted need and its variance which indicates opposing opinions among evaluators. As it is possible that attractive needs are hidden and may lead to the discovery of latent needs through individual pinpoint interviews, the interviews with the minority evaluators were conducted. The interview results indicate that the latent needs with low DLN rates but valuable might be able to be discovered by conducting follow-up interviews such as “The device is able to recognize items (food or not) that a child wants to put in the mouth”. From the results in all three studies, we could conclude that a number of important latent needs are able to be elicited from consumers’ needs by applying the proposed method. In our fourth study, a decision-making method based on the patent analysis between the conceptual design stage and the prototyping stage in the innovative design method was introduced. Conducting a patent strategy was assumed to support how to select the right concept precisely. In this study, by conducting a patent search in this stage by the designer who understood best the product functions and working principles, a supporting method was introduced to assist the designer in their decision-making process. Based on the result, the method was able to observe whether there are dominating companies or not for our concept design. If there is a dominating company, the possibility of not being able to produce our concept becomes bigger. This method may be applied as an indicator to support decisionmaking in the concept design stage in the innovative design method, whether to proceed with the concept design or not and to reduce the possibility of product failure in the future. From the results of all the studies, we could conclude that these above methods may be applied as assistive tools to support designers’ understanding of consumers’ requirements and selecting the right concept design.

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal cortex and is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It accelerates renal sodium retention and elimination of potassium through its action on the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and has a major role in regulating body fluid volume and blood pressure. Excessive secretion of aldosterone and activation of the MR cause cardiovascular inflammation, fibrosis and remodeling, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerular injury in the kidney. There are several reports on plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) in healthy, chronic kidney disease (CKD), systemic hypertension, and chronic heart failure in cats and dogs. Measurement of urinary aldosterone/creatinine ratio has also been reported in cats and dogs. However, it has been suggested that measuring aldosterone in feline urine using the available methodology has limited or no utility in investigating feline hypertension associated with CKD. It may be important to evaluate PAC in cats and dogs with CKD associated with the activation of RAAS. On the other hand, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers suppress the RAAS during hypertensive, renal, and cardiac diseases in cats. The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study in humans showed that the aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, reduced the mortality of patients with chronic heart failure who received ACEI and loop diuretics. Spironolactone also reportedly reduced the mortality rate in cats with congestive heart failure secondary to cardiomyopathy. Another selective aldosterone antagonist, eplerenone, not only antagonizes MR but also blocks the nongenomic effects of aldosterone in vascular tissues not susceptible to spironolactone. These effects of eplerenone may be more effective than spironolactone in treating hypertension due to vasoconstriction. Although eplerenone reduces mortality and hospitalization in human patients with chronic heart failure, there are no available reports on eplerenone’s use in feline practice. Since elevated PAC is a risk factor for kidney injury in humans, and MR antagonists are beneficial in rodent models of CKD and human patients, it was hypothesized that if an elevated PAC is detectable in the early stages of the disease in cats, the use of eplerenone may prolong lifespan. However, the relationship between PAC and the survival time in cats and dogs with CKD has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate PAC in cats and dogs with CKD, and evaluate the influence of high PAC on the survival time of CKD animals and the effect of treatment with eplerenone in CKD cats with high PAC. In chapter 1, PAC in cats with CKD was investigated retrospectively, and the survival time of cats with high PAC was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of treatment with eplerenone on survival time in CKD cats with high PAC was examined prospectively. The eplerenone study was conducted including both cats with CKD only and CKD cats complicated cardiac disease or systemic hypertension. The PAC was measured retrospectively in blood samples obtained from 156 client-owned cats that visited a veterinary hospital. The cats were designated into 2 groups: clinically healthy (n = 101) and CKD (n = 55). The PAC was measured by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Median (minimum–maximum) PAC in healthy cats was 97 (10–416) pg/mL and the upper limit (95th percentile) was 243 pg/mL. In the CKD group, PAC [126 (10–981) pg/mL] was significantly higher than in the clinically healthy group. In the CKD group as classified by the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage, the PACs were higher in IRIS stage 2 than in the healthy group. Similarly, PACs in IRIS stage 3 and 4 cats were higher than in the healthy group. In cats with CKD, the survival time of those with high PAC (n = 16) (> 243 pg/mL) was significantly shorter than that of those (n = 39) with normal PAC. In cats with high PAC and CKD, eplerenone administration (2.5 to 5 mg/kg body weight; n = 8) prolonged significantly the survival compared to cats not receiving eplerenone (n = 18). These results indicated that PAC could be a prognostic marker of CKD in cats and that eplerenone may prolong the survival in cats with CKD and high PAC complicated with cardiac disease or hypertension. In chapter 2, PAC in dogs with CKD was investigated retrospectively, and the survival time of CKD dogs with high PAC was evaluated. PAC was measured in blood samples obtained from 145 client-owned dogs. The dogs were divided into two groups: clinically healthy (n = 106) and CKD (n = 39). In clinically healthy group, median (minimum–maximum) PAC was 56 (10–250) pg/mL, and the upper limit (95th percentile) was 182 pg/mL. PAC (median 69 pg/mL; range 10–553 pg/mL) in CKD group was significantly higher than in the healthy group. In the CKD group as classified by IRIS stage, PAC (median 97 pg/mL) in IRIS stage 2 and 3 was significantly higher than in the healthy group. A significant positive correlation between PAC and IRIS stage was observed in CKD dogs, suggesting that the lower survival rate in high PAC group may be related to severity of CKD. In dogs with CKD, the survival time of those with high PAC (n = 10) (> 182 pg/mL) was significantly shorter than that of those with normal PAC (n = 24). These results suggested that high PAC might indicate shorter survival time in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, this study revealed that both cats and dogs with CKD had significantly higher PAC than clinically healthy animals. In CKD, the survival time of cats and dogs with high PAC was significantly shorter than those with normal PAC. The use of eplerenone also significantly prolonged the survival of cats with high PAC in CKD complicated with cardiac disease or hypertension. This study proposes PAC as a prognostic marker of cats or dogs with CKD. Eplerenone may be useful in prolonging cats’ survival with high PAC in CKD complicated with cardiac disease or hypertension. However, further study on PAC level in CKD progression and treatment response in a larger population may be required. This study provided new information on the relationship between PAC and the survival of cats or dogs with CKD, and the effect of eplerenone treatment for the survival time of cats with high PAC and CKD.

The objective of Chapter 1 of the present study was to evaluate the effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus sakei HS-1 (HK-LS HS-1) on the health and fecal bacteriological change of suckling Japanese Black calves as a supplement in milk replacers. To this end, they were randomly assigned to an HK-LS HS-1 supplement or a control without HK-LS HS-1 group in milk replacers. HK-LS HS-1 was administered from separation day to 3 weeks. Blood and fecal samples were examined. The result is glucose and vitamin A levels on day 7 were significantly higher in the supplement group than in the control group. No significant differences were observed in haptoglobin or serum amyloid A between the groups. The number of Escherichia coli in feces was lower in the control group than in the supplement group on day 21. No difference was observed in the number of Bifidobacteria, but that of lactic acid bacteria was significantly higher in the supplement group on day 21. The number of medications administered was significantly lower in the supplement group than in the control group during the experimental period. The results indicated that HK-LS HS-1 is potentially beneficial for improving intestinal microbes and reducing the number of medical treatments. In the second study, we evaluated the effects of supplementing cattle feed with difructose anhydride III (DFA III) by measuring urinary sterigmatocystin (STC) concentrations using 20 Japanese Black cattle aged 9–10 months from one herd. DFA III was supplemented for 2 weeks for 10 animals, and non-treated animals served as controls. STC concentration in the dietary feed was 0.06 mg kg−1(mixture of roughage and concentrate) at the beginning of the study (Day 0). The urine STC concentration was measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry 1 d prior to DFA 2 III administration, 9 and 14 d thereafter, and 9 d following supplementation cessation, concomitant with the measurement of serum amyloid A (SAA). The number of heifers in which STC was detected in the urine was low in the DFA III group compared to that in the control group on Day 9. After 9 d following supplementation cessation (Day 23), STC concentrations were significantly lower (P = 0.032) in the DFA III group than in the control group, although there was no difference in the number of heifers in which urinary STC was detected or in SAA concentrations between the two groups. Our findings demonstrate the effect of DFA III on reducing the urinary concentration of STC in Japanese Black cattle.

間葉系幹細胞（MSC）は、再生医療において有用な細胞である。MSCの培養工程の初期に、組織から抽出した単核球を培養容器に播種し、MSCの単離を行う。単離工程において、単核球の播種密度を最適化することで、単離後のMSCの収量や分化能が向上することが報告されている。しかし、単核球の播種密度がMSCの品質に影響する機構は明らかになっていない。 我々はその機構を明らかにする為、ヒト骨髄単核球を様々な播種密度（4.0×104、1.25×105、2.5×105、6.3×105、1.25×106cells/cm2）で培養し、単核球の播種密度とMSCのコロニー形成過程との関係を解析した。播種密度が高い条件（6.3×105、1.25×106cells/cm2）では、培養容器に接着したMSC同士の距離が小さく、互いの増殖スペースが制限される為、早期に高密度に達した。一方、低い播種密度（4.0×104、1.25×105 cells/cm2）では、MSCは単一細胞由来のコロニーを形成し、コロニーの直径や密度は様々な形態を示した。コロニーを継時観察したところ、高い増殖能力を持つMSCは、培養時間の経過に伴い、全体におけるその割合が増加した。それに対して、増殖能力が低いMSCは肥大化し、老化が進行した。老化細胞は剥離処理の時間を調整することで除去できることを見出した。単核球の播種密度が低い条件で、上記機構により、増殖能が高いMSCの純度が向上することが明らかになった。この機構をもとに単離工程のパラメータを最適化し、得られたMSCの増殖能と分化能を評価した。単核球の播種密度が高い条件（1.25×106cells/cm2）と比較し、最適化した条件（播種密度：1.25×105cells/cm2）から得られたMSCは、高い増殖能を示し、骨以外の脂肪や軟骨への分化能が有意に上昇した。 本研究により、高品質なMSCの純度を向上させる方法として、（1）単一細胞由来のコロニーを形成させる為に単核球の播種密度を最適化すること、（2）高い増殖能を持つMSCの割合を増やす為に培養期間を調整すること、（3）老化細胞を除去できる剥離処理の時間を設定することを提案する。

方法： 本研究は圧縮センシングを用いた自由呼吸下での多相ダイナミックEOB-MRIを撮像された96人の患者を対象とした。多相ダイナミック撮像として自由呼吸下で11秒毎に1相を5分間、脂肪抑制T1強調画像を撮像し、単純1相と造影28相を撮像した。造影剤投与後20分後に肝細胞相を撮像し、30相目とした。ROI: region of intensityを肝右葉に2つ、左葉に1つを脈管を避けながら可能な限り大きく設定した。3つのROIの信号強度の平均値をそれぞれの時相の信号強度とした。 以下の増強効果のパラメータについて評価した。 CER (contrast enhancement ratio) CERy-x: (SIy -SIx)/SIx (x相目からy相目)とし、 CER4-pre：動脈相 CER7-5：門脈相から動脈相にかけて CER7-pre：門脈相 CER28-pre：5分早期肝細胞相 CER28-7：門脈相から5分早期肝細胞相 CERHBP-pre：20分肝細胞相 GRL (gradient of regression line)：回帰曲線の傾き GRLy-x: x相目からy相目とし、 GRL4-2：動脈相での傾き GRL7-4 ：門脈相での傾き GRL 7-2 ：動脈相、門脈相にかけての傾き GRL 28-7：門脈相から早期肝細胞相での傾き 先行研究によると、肝実質の線維化の重症度(F0-F2 vs F3-F4)に基づいてCERHBP-preでcut off値を0.703として肝細胞相での増強効果がinsufficient HBP enhancement groupとsufficient HBP enhancement groupに分けれるとしている。CERHBP-pre<0.703またはCERHBP-pre>0.703により患者を2群に分け、CERy-x、GRLy-xについて検討した。 上記に加えて年齢、性別、総ビリルビン、プロトロンビン時間、アルブミン、eGFRについても、この2群間で比較した(ウィルコクソンの順位和検定)。 肝細胞相の増強効果に対する影響の大きさを調べるためにノンパラメトリック検定も用いられた(スピアマンの順位相関係数)。 結果： 動脈相(CER4-pre、GRL4-2)に関する結果として、これらはsufficient HBP enhancement groupがinsufficient HBP enhancement groupの間に有意差を認めなかった。 動脈門脈相(1相目～7相目)に関する結果としては、CER7-preはsufficient HBP enhancement groupがinsufficient HBP enhancement groupより有意に高い値となった(0.55 vs 0.44, p<0.001)。CER4-pre、GRL4-2、Gradient7-4、Gradient7-2では2群間に有意差は見られなかった。 5分後の早期肝細胞相(1相目～28相目)に関する結果としては、CER28-pre、CER28-7、GRL28-7においてsufficient HBP enhancement groupがinsufficient HBP enhancement groupより有意に高い値となった(0.64 vs 0.47, 0.10 vs 0.03, 1.27 vs 0.27、すべてp<0.001)。 血液データ(総ビリルビン、プロトロビン時間、アルブミン、eGFR)においても2群間で有意差が認められた(p=0.004-0.049)。CER7-pre、CER28-pre、CER28-7、GRL28-7の各パラメータは血液データのパラメータよりも相関係数が高かった。 CER28-preが最も相関係数が高かった(0.838)。 考察： 動脈相では2群間(sufficient HBP enhancement groupとinsufficient HBP enhancement group)に有意差を認めず、門脈相のパラメータでは有意差が見られた。機序としては推測になってしまうが、肝の線維化の進行に伴い門脈血流は低下しやすいが、動脈血流は比較的保たれることが原因であろうか。 また、肝細胞相の信号強度は、血液データなどによって得られた肝機能を示す数値と相関することはこれまでにも報告されてきた。肝機能が良好であるほど、肝細胞がEOBを取り込みやすいためとされる。 本研究では腎機能と肝細胞相の信号強度とにも相関が見られたが、腎機能が低い症例の方がより肝排泄の割合が増えるからと思われた。 本研究のように、ダイナミック撮像中に得られるパラメータが肝細胞相における肝実質の信号強度と相関することを報告した研究はこれまでになかった。 CER7-pre、CER28-pre、CER28-7、GRL28-7の各パラメータは、いずれも血液データのパラメータよりも相関係数が高かった。 本研究のようにダイナミック撮像中に得られたパラメータを用いれば、血液データよりも高い精度で肝実質の信号強度を予測することができる。 これにより、肝細胞相の撮像タイミングを症例により短縮できることが期待される。 結語： 圧縮センシングを用いた自由呼吸下でのEOB-MRIのダイナミック撮像おいて、肝実質の信号強度の変化を連続データとして捉えることにより得られたパラメータは、肝細胞相での肝実質の信号強度と強い相関を示す。これにより、肝細胞相の撮像タイミングを症例により短縮できることが期待される。

背景：糖尿病患者における聴覚障害の有病率は有意に高く、その予防法の開発が望まれている。 目的：本研究では、糖尿病マウスに対するエイコサペンタエン酸（EPA）投与による早期難聴の予防効果を検討した。 方法：糖尿病モデルとしてTSOD（Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes）マウスを、コントロールとしてTSNO（Tsumura, Suzuki, Non Obesity）マウスを使用した。TSNO群とTSOD（EPA-）群（ひまわり油投与）、TSOD（EPA＋）群（EPA投与）の3 群に分けた。聴性脳幹反応（ABR）を測定し、蝸牛を組織学的に評価した。 結果：TSOD（EPA＋）群はTSOD（EPA-）群に比べ、閾値の上昇が小さい傾向を認めた。TSOD（EPA+）群では、生後11 ヶ月から14 ヶ月にかけて、4kHzでのABR 閾値がTSOD（EPA-）群よりも有意に低かった。TSOD（EPA-）群では、血管条の毛細血管内腔の狭小化と蝸牛軸における血管壁の肥厚が観察された。 結論：TSOD マウスに対するEPA 投与による蝸牛血管の動脈硬化の抑制は、加齢に伴う早期難聴を抑制することが示唆された。

角膜の剛性を表す生体力学的指標の一つとして角膜ヒステリシス（CH）があり，CHは眼圧（IOP）や中心角膜厚（CCT）などの影響を受け，眼球全体の剛性も反映することから，CH低下が緑内障の進行リスクとして注目される。一方で，硝子体は眼球を外力から保護する緩衝材としての作用があり，眼球の剛性に影響するが，硝子体とCHとの関連は明らかになっていない。本研究では硝子体切除がCHに与える影響を評価することを目的に，白内障単独手術と白内障手術併施硝子体切除術の術後早期のCHを比較した。白内障手術（PEA+IOL）を施行した18例20眼（PEA+IOL群），黄斑上膜あるいは黄斑円孔に対してPEA+IOL併施の経毛様体扁平部硝子体切除術（PPV）を施行した27例28眼（PPV triple群）を対象とした。術前，術後2週，術後3か月のCH，IOP，CCTおよびCHとCCTの相関関係について後ろ向きに検討した。CHは術前，術後2週，術後3か月で，PEA+IOL群において11.1±1.1mmHg，10.4±1.1 mmHg，11.0±1.0 mmHgであり，PPV triple群において11.0±1.4mmHg，9.8±1.4 mmHg，10.6±1.6 mmHgであった。CHはPEA+IOL群で術前後に有意差は認めなかったが，PPV triple群の術後2週で有意に低下していた。IOPおよびCCTは両群とも術前後に有意な変化は認めなかった。PEA+IOL群の全時点とPPV triple群の術前にはCHとCCTの正の相関関係を認めたが，PPV triple群の術後には相関関係を認めなかった。以上より，PPV triple手術ではIOPやCCT以外による要因で術後にCHが低下することが示され，硝子体切除が眼球の剛性変化をもたらしCH低下に寄与した可能性が考えられた。CHの低下は，外力や眼圧の影響を受けやすい眼球構造であると言えることから，PPV 術後のCH評価は眼圧管理の指標や緑内障の発症，進行リスクを反映する可能性がある。

本研究では、特定の遺伝子型と表現型との関連を明らかにするために、EDAR遺伝子の潜性（劣性）変異に着目し、その特徴を詳細に検討した。具体的には、過去にEDARのDD内に同定された潜性（劣性）遺伝形式を示す4 種類のミスセンス変異（p.R358Q、p.G382S、p.I388T、p.T403M）について、培養細胞での過剰発現系で一連の解析を実施した。これらの変異の中で、p.R358QはEDARADDとの結合能を失い、下流のNF-κB活性を低下させることが知られており、機能喪失の陽性対照として用いた。 まず、細胞溶解液を用いたwestern blot法では、p.R358Qおよびp.T403M変異型EDAR蛋白は野生型EDAR蛋白よりも発現量が減衰し、より大きい分子量を示した。一方で、p.G382Sおよびp.I388T変異型EDAR蛋白は野生型EDAR蛋白と同様の発現パターンを示した。また、各EDAR蛋白の細胞内での局在を解析するために実施した蛍光免疫染色法では、野生型EDAR蛋白と同様にp.G382Sおよびp.I388T変異型EDAR蛋白は細胞質内に局在が認められたが、p.R358Qとp.T403M変異型EDAR蛋白は細胞膜に発現していた。これらの結果から、変異型蛋白間で発現パターンが異なることが示された。続いて行ったNF-κBレポーターアッセイでは、すべての変異型EDAR蛋白がNF-κBの活性化を抑制したが、p.R358Qとp.T403M変異型EDAR蛋白に比べ、p.G382Sとp.I388T変異型EDAR蛋白による抑制効果は軽微であった。EDARとEDARADDの結合を検討した共免疫沈降法では、p.R358Qとp.T403M変異型EDAR蛋白はEDARADDとの結合能を完全に喪失していたが、p.G382Sとp.I388T変異型EDAR蛋白は、ある程度結合能を維持した。これらの解析で、p.G382S変異型EDARの機能喪失の程度は最も軽度と考えられた。 過去の研究で、野生型EDARはTRAF6とは直接結合しないことが報告されており、本研究で実施した野生型EDARとTRAF6間の共免疫沈降法でも同様の結果が得られた。しかしながら、驚くべきことに、本研究で解析した全ての変異型EDAR蛋白はTRAF6と直接結合する性質を示した。 培養細胞での過剰発現系においては、機序は不明だがEDAR蛋白を含む種々のTNF受容体が細胞質内に発現する傾向を示すことが知られていたことから、p.R358Qおよびp.T403M変異型EDAR蛋白の細胞膜への局在は異常な発現パターンと考えられる。NF-κBレポーターアッセイおよび共免疫沈降法の結果から、各変異型EDAR蛋白とEDARADDの親和性はNF-κB活性低下の程度と強く相関することが示唆された。今回解析した4 種類のミスセンス変異は、いずれもEDARの機能や構造に重大な影響を与えると複数のデータベースで推測されていたが、各データベースのスコアは4つの変異の間で非常に類似していた。すなわち、現在の予測ツールの解析能力には限界があり、本研究のように実際に発現・機能解析を行う重要性がハイライトされたといえる。 4種類の変異型EDAR蛋白に共通する唯一の現象は、野生型EDAR蛋白がEDARADDを介して間接的にTRAF6と相互作用するのに対し、TRAF6と直接結合することである。これは、変異型EDAR蛋白がEDAR、DARADD、TRAF6からなる正しい蛋白複合体を形成できないことを示唆しており、EDAR遺伝子変異に起因するHEDの鍵となっている可能性があるが、本現象の病的意義を解明するためには今後のさらなる検討を要する。 本研究で得られた結果に基づき、各変異を機能喪失の度合いで評価した。R358QとT403Mを「重度」、p.I388Tを「中等度」、p.G382Sを「軽度」とした。各変異を報告した文献に提示されていた表現型と比較検討した結果、EDAR遺伝子変異の機能喪失の程度がHEDの重症度と相関している可能性が示唆された。

自動車事故に際しシートベルトに沿って生じる帯状の皮下出血斑はシートベルト兆候（seat belt sign：SBS）と呼ばれている。特に腹部SBS が上前腸骨棘（anterior superior iliac spine：ASIS）よりも上方に位置する場合、腹部臓器損傷の危険性が高い。本研究の目的は、腹部SBS 位置に関連するシートベルト腹部部分（ラップベルト）の位置に影響を与える因子について解析することである。本研究は、健康な成人100名（男性50名、女性50名）の身体所見と、カーシート座位時のラップベルト位置との関係を前向きに検討したものである。身体所見は、年齢、身長、Body Mass Index（BMI）、腹囲を測定した。それぞれ平均年齢37.9歳、平均身長164.9cm、平均BMI 23.9kg/m2、平均腹囲83.4cmであった。X線学的所見は、腰椎前弯（lumbar lordosis：LL）、仙骨傾斜（sacral slope：SS）を測定し、ラップベルト位置は運転席側のラップベルトの中央とASIS相当の位置に鉛テープでマーキングすることで計測した。側面X線撮影を行い、ASISから中央マーカーまでの水平距離（X値）、垂直距離（Z値）を計測した。ラップベルト角度は、2つのマーカーの上端を結ぶ直線と水平線とのなす角度を計測することで求めた。これらの身体所見とX線学的所見との関係を統計学的に解析した。X値とZ値は体重（X値r = 0.73、Z値r = 0.56）、BMI（X値r = 0.77、Z値r = 0.56）、腹囲（X値r = 0.74、Z値r = 0.52）と正の相関があり、ラップベルト角度は体重（r = -0.33）、BMI（r = -0.35）、腹囲（r = -0.37）と負の相関があった。これらの結果からは、BMIの高い乗員ではラップベルトがASISより高い位置にあるため、シートベルト損傷を引き起こす可能性が高い。この解析は、より安全なシートベルトの開発に役立つと思われる。

人工股関節全置換術(Total hip arthroplasty, 以下THA）においてカップ設置角度、カップ設置位置は脱臼の予防、外転筋レバーアームの再建、腸腰筋インピンジメント予防などの点で重要性はますます高くなっている。これまで後方アプローチでのComputed Tomography（CT）-based navigation使用によるcup 設置の正確性に関する報告は多数あるが、仰臥位前方アプローチ（Direct anterior approach、以下DAA）での報告は少なく、また術中イメージを使用した設置精度との比較をした報告はない。今回DAAでのTHAにおけるCT-based navigationを使用したカップ設置精度を検討した。DAAによるTHAを施行した156例171股における、カップ設置精度について、術中mechanical cup alignment guide使用群（MG群63股）、術中fluoroscopy使用群（FS群58股）、CT-based navigation使用群（CTN群50股）の3群について比較した。検討項目は、Lewinneckのsafe zone内のカップ設置割合（％）、カップ外転角(radiographic inclination、以下RI)、カップ前捻角（radiographic anteversion、以下RA）、カップの骨頭中心位置（上下、前後、内外）に関して、術前計画と術後設置角度、位置を比較し、その絶対値誤差をそれぞれ3群にて検討した。術後2週で全例CT検査を実施し、三次元解析ソフトにて誤差を抽出した。Lewinneckのsafe zone内の設置割合は、MG群80.9％（55/63）、FS群81％（47/58）、CTN 群100％（50/50）で、CTN群はMG群（p=0.005）、FS群（p=0.005）よりも有意に高かった。RIはMG群4.4±3.2°、FS群3.6±3.1°、CTN群2.8±2.5°であり、CTN群はMG群（p=0.01）よりも有意に誤差が小さかった。RAはMG群5.8±4.7°、FS群4.8±4.1°、CTN群2.8±1.9°で、CTN群はMG群（p=0.0001）、FS群（p=0.02）より有意に誤差が小さかった。RI、RAに対して絶対値誤差3°以上をoutlierとし各群間で比較した。RI についてMG群63.5％（40/63）、FS群43.1％（25/58）、CTN群36％（18/50）で、CTN群はMG群（p=0.03）より有意にoutlierが少なかった。RAについて、MG群66.7％（42/63）、FS群58.6％（34/58）、CTN群48％（24/50）でCTN群はMG群（p=0.04)よりも有意にoutlierが少なかった。カップの骨頭中心座標（内外:X軸、前後:Y軸、上下:Z軸）については、X軸、Y軸では3群とも有意差は認めなかった。しかしZ軸ではMG群3.3±3.2mm、FS群3.2±3.0mm、CTN群1.8±1.4mmで、CTN群がMG群（p=0.02）、FS群（p=0.007）に対して有意に誤差が少なかった。絶対値誤差より2mm以上をoutlierとし各群間で比較を行った。X軸、Y軸において有意差は認められなかった。一方Z軸に関してはCTN群がMG群（p=0.03)、FS群（p=0.04)よりも有意にoutlierが少なかった。今回の結果から、DAAでのTHAにおいて、CT-basedNavigation使用することでmechanical cup alignment guide使用や、fluoroscopyを使用するよりもカップ設置精度が向上し、有用であることが確認された。

背景：The Union for International Cancer Control（UICC）の tumour、node、metastasis（TNM）分類によって大腸がんの治癒あるいは再発の可能性を予測出来るため、治療方針の決定に役立っている。しかしこの分類法単独による予後の予測は不十分である。そのため予後予測因子として新たなバイオマーカーの同定が望まれている。過去に我々は、根治切除を行ったステージI、II、およびIIIの結腸直腸がん（CRC）患者において免疫組織化学によって同定されたCD4およびforkhead box P3（FOXP3）陽性T細胞密度の組み合わせの無再発生存期間（RFS）・全生存期間に対する有用性を報告した。本研究は、統計的パターン認識の手法である離散ベイズ識別則を応用することにより、T3/T4a ステージIIのCRC患者の再発を予測するマーカーの最適な組み合わせを抽出した。 方法：T3/T4aステージII患者の137症例の切除標本を用いて、12の臨床病理学的および免疫的因子を再発の予後予測因子の候補として解析を行った。 結果：比較的に予後良好とされている T3/T4aステージ II 症例で、CD4・FOXP3陽性T細胞両方の腫瘍浸潤度に最も強い影響があることが示唆された。CD4・FOXP3陽性T細胞両方の腫瘍浸潤度が低い症例群のRFSが明らかに不良であった。 結論：CD4とFOXP3陽性T細胞を組み合わせた腫瘍浸潤度がCRCの予後予測因子となり得ることが示唆され、従来のステージ分類では不十分な患者の層別化も可能になるという新規の知見が明らかになった。補助化学療法は、CD4・FOXP3陽性T細胞両方の腫瘍浸潤度が低い患者に対して考慮されるべきであることが示唆された。

背景・目的：大腸癌（CRC）は、世界的に癌関連死亡の第2位の原因となっており、転移を伴う大腸癌（mCRC）患者の予後不良は緊急の課題である。以前、我々はSOMAscanアッセイを用いて、予後を予測する10種類のバイオマーカー候補を得ることができた。本研究の目的は、得られた候補タンパクの一つであるC-C motif chemokine ligand 7（CCL7）について、mCRC患者における治療前の血清CCL7濃度の予後予測性能を明らかにすることであった。 材料と方法：mCRC患者の血清（n=110）および手術標本（n=85）について、それぞれCCL7のタンパク濃度をELISA法および免疫組織化学法で検討した。また、Cox回帰分析、受信者動作特性曲線(ROC)分析、Kaplan-Meier法を用いて、タンパクの濃度と予後との関係を検討した。結果：血清CCL7濃度が高い患者の全生存期間（OS）は、低い患者と比較し、有意に不良であった。間質中のCCL7発現レベルが高い患者は、低い患者に比べ、有意に予後不良であった。 Carcino embryonic antigen（CEA）および糖鎖抗原19-9（CA19-9）の濃度は、CCL7低値群に比べ、高CCL7群で有意に高値であった。単変量解析および多変量解析により、血清CCL7濃度はmCRCの有意な予後因子であることが明らかになった。また、血清CCL濃度とCEA濃度の組み合わせにおいて、血清CCL7濃度、CEAの両方が高値である患者は、両方が低値である群と比較し、有意に予後不良であった。 結論：治療前の血清CCL7濃度および血清CCL7濃度とCEAとの組み合わせは、mCRCの予後を予測する有用なバイオマーカーである。

背景：肝癌は肝内転移を生じやすく、その予後は不良である。がん幹細胞様細胞（CSLCs）とは、幹細胞性、腫瘍形成能、治療抵抗性に加え、転移能亢進といった特徴を有している。近年では、がんの転移形成や制御において、宿主の免疫機構が重要な働きを担っていると考えられており、今回、肝癌細胞株から誘導したCSLCsの免疫逃避能について検討を行った。 方法：Sphere誘導培地を用いて、Sphere細胞の形態で肝癌細胞株からCSLCsを誘導した。免疫逃避に関わる遺伝子およびタンパク発現を、RNAシーケンス、フローサイトメトリー、ELISA法を用いて解析し、親株とSphere細胞とで比較した。親株とSphere細胞それぞれの、NK細胞に対する感受性について、クロム放出試験を用いて比較検討した。BALB/cヌードマウスを用いた異種移植実験にて、親株とSphereの腫瘍形成能を比較した。 結果：肝癌細胞株SK-HEP-1から誘導したSphere細胞（SK-sphere）では、親株と比較し、細胞膜上のPD-L1、PD-L2、CEACAM1の発現が亢進し、ULBP1、MICA/MICBの発現は低下していた。また、SK-sphereの培地中では、可溶型MICAの濃度が上昇していた。SK-sphereにおけるHLA class I発現低下は見られなかった。肝癌細胞株SK-HEP-1およびHLEから誘導したSphere細胞を用いて、NK細胞に対する感受性をそれぞれの親株と比較したところ、どちらのSphere細胞においてもNK細胞による細胞障害性がより低下していた。NK細胞を保持するヌードマウスにおいて、親株の移植と比較してSK-sphereを移植した際により大きな腫瘍を形成した。 結論：肝癌細胞株から誘導したCSLCsはNK細胞を介した免疫系からの逃避能が亢進している事が示唆された。

背景：UGT1A1*28および*6遺伝子多型は、イリノテカンに関連する毒性の危険因子として知られている。しかし、UGT1A1*28および*6に遺伝子変異を持たない患者においても、イリノテカンによる重篤な副作用が認められている。我々は、UGT1A以外のイリノテカン毒性の有用なバイオマーカーを同定するために、全エクソームにおける遺伝子多型を調査した。 方法：FOLFIRI療法、FOLFOX療法、FOLFOXIRI療法を投与された転移性大腸癌（mCRC）患者178例とmodified FOLFIRINOX療法、ゲムシタビン＋ナブパクリタキセル療法を投与された膵臓癌患者87例を対象とした。ゲノムワイドスクリーニングは全エクソームシーケンス（WES）を用いて行い、バリデーション解析は加水分解プローブを用いたqPCRを用いて実施した。 結果：FOLFIRI療法症例のWES（n = 15）により、7つの一塩基多型（SNP）がイリノテカン関連毒性である好中球減少のバイオマーカー候補として同定された。7つのSNPのうち、R3H domain and coiled-coil containing 1（R3HCC1; c.919G>A, rs2272761）のSNPは、検証サンプル症例のグレード3以上の好中球減少と有意な関連性を示した。mCRC患者に対するFOLFOXIRI療法（n = 23）または膵臓癌に対するmodified FOLFIRINOX療法（n = 40）といったイリノテカン含有の3剤併用化学療法患者でも、R3HCC1多型と好中球減少との間に有意な線形傾向がみられた（それぞれP = 0.017 および0.046 ）。一方で、イリノテカンを含まないレジメン（mCRC患者に対するFOLFOX療法（n = 66）、膵臓癌に対するゲムシタビン＋ナブパクリタキセル療法（n = 47））患者では、有意な関連は認められなかった。 結論：R3HCC1多型は、mCRCと膵臓癌に対するイリノテカンを含む化学療法の毒性に関する有用なバイオマーカーとなる可能性がある。

細胞シート移植治療の普及には利便性の高い細胞シートの保存方法の開発が不可欠である。細胞シートから分泌される成長因子によって創傷治癒は促進されると考えられてきたため、その保存には細胞生存率が重要視されてきた。そのため、積層線維芽細胞シートの乾燥保存に関する検討はこれまでにない。本研究では、乾燥保存した積層線維芽細胞シート（Dryシート）を開発し、糖尿病マウス全層皮膚欠損モデルでの創傷治癒促進効果を検証した。 マウスの尾から単離した線維芽細胞を用いて、積層線維芽細胞シート（Livingシート）を作製した。Livingシートを風乾させ、Dryシートとした。Livingシートに凍結解凍操作を繰り返してFreeze-thaw（FT）シートとした。各シートを培地に浸漬して溶出液とし、各溶出液中の成長因子を測定した。Vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF）とhepatocyte growth factor（HGF）はDryシートとLivingシートで検出したのに対し、fibroblast growth factor-2（FGF-2）とhigh mobility group box 1（HMGB1）はDryシートのみで検出した。FTシートではこれらの成長因子をほとんど検出しなかった。細胞シートの溶出液を添加して線維芽細胞を培養し、溶出液の生理活性を線維芽細胞増殖試験で検討した。DryシートはLivingシートと比べ、細胞増殖と成長因子産生量を有意に促進し、FGF-2中和抗体で阻害すると、この細胞増殖反応は抑制された。糖尿病マウス全層皮膚欠損モデル（C57BL/6N）において、自家及び他家（C3H/He）の線維芽細胞から作製したDryシート貼付群は無治療群に比べ、創の閉鎖を有意に促進した。Dryシートは常温（23℃）よりも冷蔵（4℃）での保存安定性に優れ、少なくとも4週間の冷蔵保存ではDryシートのFGF-2の減少を認めなかった。 以上から、DryシートはFGF-2の放出という新たな作用機序で創傷治癒を促進することが明らかになった。他家細胞から作製されたDryシートは、創傷治癒を促す再生医療において新たな扱いやすい被覆材であることが示唆された。

本研究の目的は、皮膚潰瘍モデルマウスにおいて、凍結保存した他家線維芽細胞シートの治療効果を検討することである。他家細胞シートの凍結保存が可能であれば、様々な疾患への応用が可能であり、大幅なコストダウンによる再生医療の普及に貢献できると考えられる。本研究では、3Dフリーザーを用いて線維芽細胞シートの凍結を行った。凍結融解した線維芽細胞シートは、非凍結線維芽細胞シートと比較して、細胞生存率は約80であり、vascularendothelial growth factor VEGF ）、hepatocyte growth factor HGF）、stromalderived factor 1α SDF1αの培養上清中の濃度が50％以上で、transforminggrowth factor β1 TGFβ1の分泌能は同等であった。皮膚潰瘍モデルマウスにおいて、非凍結線維芽細胞シート群と凍結融解した線維芽細胞シート群の間で、自家細胞、他家細胞のどちらも創傷治癒率に差はなかった。また、血管新生の程度も同等であった。治癒組織におけるCD3陽性細胞数は、自家線維芽細胞シート群と比較して他家線維芽細胞シート群で多く見られた。しかし、病理組織学的には、凍結融解した他家線維芽細胞シート群の線維化、新生血管密度、創傷治癒速度は、非凍結他家線維芽細胞シート群に比べて凍結融解した自家線維芽細胞シート群に類似していた。これらの結果から、凍結融解した他家線維芽細胞シートが難治性皮膚潰瘍に対する有望な治療オプションとなる可能性が示唆された。

ミエリン関連糖蛋白 (myelin-associated glycoprotein: MAG) は，神経組織の髄鞘に局在する膜貫通糖蛋白であり，MAGに対するIgM型自己抗体 (MAG抗体) を有する患者では脱髄性末梢神経障害をきたす．末梢神経には血液神経関門 (blood-nerve barrier: BNB) があるために，通常は免疫グロブリンなどの大きな分子が神経内に侵入することはできない．しかし，MAGニューロパチー患者から採取した腓腹神経内有髄神経線維の髄鞘にはMAG抗体が沈着しており，MAG抗体はBNBを通過していることが想定される．MAG抗体のBNB通過機序を明らかにすることを目的に，MAGニューロパチー患者血清，ヒトBNB構成内皮細胞株と周皮細胞株，MAGニューロパチー患者から採取した腓腹神経検体を用いて解析を行った．MAGニューロパチー患者血清を作用させた内皮細胞に対して，全RNAトランスクリプトーム解析と免疫染色を用いたハイコンテントイメージング解析を行い，NF-κBの活性化とTNF-αの発現増加を確認した．次に内皮細胞と周皮細胞を共培養したBNB in vitroモデルで透過性を解析した． MAGニューロパチー患者血清を作用させた結果，10 kDaデキストランやIgGの透過性を変化させることなく，IgMやMAG抗体の透過性を亢進させ，TNF-αの中和抗体を添加することでIgMやMAG抗体の透過性は抑制された．電子顕微鏡による観察ではMAGニューロパチー患者の腓腹神経内でBNBを構成する微小血管の密着結合は保たれており，内皮細胞内に多数の小胞が確認された．MAGニューロパチー患者では，MAG抗体はBNB構成内皮細胞の自己分泌TNF-αの増加を介して内皮細胞質内をトランスサイトーシスの機序により通過していることが示唆された．TNF-α阻害薬は既存の薬剤であり，本研究結果から，TNF-α阻害薬によるMAGニューロパチー患者への新たな治療戦略が期待される．

小胞体ストレスの増加は、動脈硬化において血管平滑筋培養細胞（VSMCs）の形質転換（分化→脱分化）と強く関連している。小胞体のCa2+貯蔵量減少は、VSMCs における小胞体ストレスの増加の主要な原因の一つである。リアノジン受容体（RyR）は筋小胞体膜上に存在する主要なCa2+放出チャネルである。正常細胞の安静状態ではカルモジュリン（CaM）はRyR と結合し、RyR を閉鎖した状態で安定化させている。CaM とRyR の結合が減弱すると、RyR から異常なCa2+漏出が起こり、Ca2+貯蔵量が減少し、小胞体ストレスが増加する原因となり得る。そこで我々は、マウスのVSMCs を用いてRyR に結合しているCa（CaM-RyR）が小胞体ストレスにより引き起こされるVSMCs の形質転換に重要な役割を果たしているか否か、また、CaM-RyR の結合親和性を高める作用を有するダントロレン（DAN）がVSMCs の形質転換に影響を与えるか否かを評価した。 小胞体ストレスによりCaM がRyR から解離し、核内へ移行することにより、MEF2 とKLF5 の核内での発現量が増加し、このMEF2-KLF5 のシグナル伝達経路が活性化することでVSMCs が形質転換(分化→脱分化)し、増殖能や遊走能を有するようになり動脈硬化巣の形成や不安定化につながるという新たな知見を得ることができた。さらにCaM-RyR の結合親和性を高めるDAN は、RyR チャネルを安定化させ、異常なCa2+漏出を抑制し、小胞体内のCa2+貯蔵量を保持することで小胞体ストレスの増加を抑制し、さらにCaM の核内への移行を制御することで、MEF2-KLF5 経路の活性化を抑制し、その結果としてVSMCs の形質転換を抑制することが示され、動脈硬化巣の進展化、不安定化に対する全く新しい治療戦略となり得る可能性があることが示唆された。

Pandemic influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 infection occurred in healthy children and young adults, but asthmatic patients presented more rapid progression of respiratory distress and plastic bronchitis. To investigate the pathogenesis of worsening respiratory symptoms after A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, we focused on matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1 (TIMP‐1). MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum from mice with and without asthma were evaluated after A(H1N1)pdm09 or seasonal A(H1N1) infection. MMP‐9 levels were more elevated in Asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09‐infected mice than in non‐Asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09‐infected mice on both 3 and 7 days post‐infection. Immunohistochemical findings in this pneumonia model showed that MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 positive cells were observed in blood vessels and bronchus of lung tissue in severe pathological findings of pneumonia with asthma. Microscopically, shedding cells and secretions were conspicuous in the trachea on days 3 and 7 postinfection, in the A(H1N1)pdm09‐infected mice with asthma. Our results suggest that MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 expressions are related to severe pneumonia in the A(H1N1)pdm09 infection with asthma, leading to cause epithelial cell shedding.

背景：がん幹細胞 (CSC) は、発がん、再発、転移、治療抵抗性に重要な役割を果たすと考えられている。我々は、化学療法抵抗性と転移能を有するがん幹細胞様スフィア細胞 (CSLC) の誘導に成功した。CSLC に対する標的治療の開発を可能にするため、CSLC のこの表現型の原因となる遺伝子を同定した。 方法：ヒト肝がん細胞株SK-HEP-1 を用い、独自のスフィア誘導培地を用いてCSLCを誘導し、HuH-7 細胞を非スフィア形成細胞として同条件で使用した。RNA シーケンシングを行った後、定量的 RT-PCR とウェスタンブロッティングで検証した。ノックダウン (KD) 実験はCRISPR-Cas9 によるゲノム編集により行い、レスキュー実験は発現プラスミドベクターを用いて行った。細胞の化学療法抵抗性と肝転移は、MTS アッセイと細胞の重度免疫不全マウスへの脾臓注入後の解析で評価した。培地中のエクソソームの定量は、EL ISA 法を用いて行った。 結果： RAB3B は、RNA シーケンシングによりCSLC と予後不良の肝細胞がん (HCC)の両方で発現が増加している遺伝子として同定された。RAB3B-KD 細胞は、スフィア形成、化学療法抵抗性、転移能などのCSLC 表現型の変化を示し、これらはRAB3Bの相補化によって回復された。CSLC ではエクソソーム分泌の増加が観察されたが、RAB3B-KD 細胞では観察されなかった。また、RAB3B の発現は、ABCG2、APOE、LEPR、LXN、TSPAN13 の発現と相関していた。 結論：RAB3B のアップレギュレーションは、CSLC の化学療法抵抗性と転移能に重要な役割を担っている可能性がある。

Some textbooks of formal languages and automata theory implicitly state the structural equality of the binary n-dimensional de Bruijn graph and the state diagram of minimum state deterministic finite automaton which accepts regular language (0+1)*1(0+1)^{n-1}. Although the isomorphism in binary case is relatively easy to prove, it is desirable to rigorously prove such an isomorphism in general k-ary case. To achieve this purpose, the author introduces a new computational model, called "colored finite automata (CFA)," and give a certain characterization of the general k-ary de Bruijn graphs by regular languages. The second purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of this automaton with multi-colored accepting states. By the way, when CFA is nondeterministic (NCFA), it is desirable that the colors of accepting states are unmixed (i.e., there are no inputs that are accepted with differently colored accepting states) in order to pursuit the accurate identification. Thus, the author proposes the three decision problems (Unmixedness Verification problem, Unmixedness Partitioning problem, and Unmixedness Extension problem) concerning unmixedness and show that UV, UP, and UE problems are shown to be NLOG-complete, P, and NP-complete, respectively. The author also illustrates the applications of colored finite automata, e.g. to existing regular expression engines and model checking tools for the purpose of improvement of their efficiency and conveniency. Next, the author introduces "colored pushdown automaton (CPDA)" which is an ordinary pushdown automaton with colored accepting states. It is shown that while the computational complexity of the above-mentioned UV, UP, and UE problems of CPDA are all undecidable, restriction of CPDA are all undecidable, restriction of CPDAs to unambiguous ones simplifies some problems of them to the permanently true problems. In this way, the concept of colored accepting states can be applied to a wide range of automata that have a set of accepting states and expected to be useful in a wide range of theoretical and practical field of automata applications in the future.

Political connections are considered a valuable resource in not only high-corruption countries but also low-corruption countries. This dissertation investigates the relationship between political connections and Sharia compliance, aiming to deepen understanding of the nature of political connections, as Sharia compliance prohibits engaging in corruption. Specifically, I analyze whether: 1) political connections and Sharia compliance affect merger and acquisition (M&A) performance; 2) connections to politicians affect the market response to firms' inclusion in or exclusion from the Indonesia Sharia Stock Index (ISSI); 3) political connections and Sharia compliance have been valuable during the COVID-19 pandemic; and 4) political connections affect firms' environmental performance. This dissertation comprises six chapters. Chapters 1 and 6 respectively introduce and conclude this dissertation. The remaining four chapters (i.e., Chapters 2-5) are essays on the empirical relationship between political connections and Sharia compliance. In Chapter 2, I study the impact of political connections and Sharia compliance on M&A performance, focusing on M&A deals in Indonesia during 2010-2016. I find that while political connections can improve market reactions to M&A announcements, Sharia compliance has a positive but insignificant impact on M&A performance. I further find that there is a substitution relationship between Sharia compliance and political connections: Sharia -compliant firms with political connections have poorer M&A performance than non-Sharia-compliant firms with political connections. Chapter 3 examines market responses to firms' addition to and removal from the ISSI and how political connections influence those market responses. I employ two kinds of analysis. First, using the event-study methodology, I measure abnormal returns surrounding the announcement of each firm's addition to or removal from the ISSI. Second, to more precisely identify the relationship between political connections and Sharia compliance, I use a pooled regression analysis. The results show that neither addition to nor removal from the ISSI produces abnormal returns for Indonesian firms, indicating that investors are little concerned with ISSI reconstitutions. Furthermore, political connections increase firms' value before inclusion in the ISSI, but the benefits of these connections are lost after their addition to the index. Chapter 4 offers novel evidence by investigating the value of political connections and Sharia compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic. I use the event-study methodology to measure the stock market reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic, and conduct a pooled regression analysis to more precisely identify the value of political connections and Sharia compliance during the pandemic. I find that a stock market anomaly occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, in that the pandemic had a positive impact on the stock market. I also find that there was value for firms in being Sharia-compliant during the pandemic when the government announced tax incentives for firms. In Chapter 5, I investigate the relationship between political connections and the environmental performance of Sharia -compliant firms. I use a unique sample of firms covered by Indonesia's Program for Pollution Control Evaluation and Rating during 2013-2019. I find that political connections are less (more) valuable for Sharia-compliant firms (non-Sharia-compliant firms) m enhancing their environmental performance.

The role of optimization can be found in almost all aspects of human life. Optimization is common in but not limited to the fields of engineering, economics, design, and planning. Although the optimization problems to be solved change, the optimization goal never changes. That is to find effective solutions efficiently. In modern optimization studies, the metaheuristic algorithm has been one of the most interesting methods, considering the demands of a reasonable computational time. Many metaheuristic algorithms have been introduced. However, based on the number of tentative solutions used in the search process, metaheuristic algorithms can be categorized into (1) population-based or (2) single-trajectory-based algorithms. The searching with singletrajectory-based metaheuristic algorithms manipulates and modifies a single solution point in every iteration. In contrast, the population-based metaheuristic algorithms combine a set of solution points to create new solutions in every iteration. A metaheuristic algorithm usually consists of two components, i.e., exploration and exploitation. Exploration means searching for solutions in the global space. In contrast, exploitation means searching for a solution by focusing on a small area or an area near an already known solution. The single-trajectory-based metaheuristic algorithm is exploitation-oriented. On the other side, the population-based metaheuristic algorithm is exploration-oriented because of searching by many points distributed on all search spaces. Balance settings between exploration and exploitation are needed to produce good solutions. In fact, most population-based algorithms will encounter decreasing in exploration and become too exploitation-oriented as the iteration increase. Any metaheuristic algorithm applies parameters to control the behavior. However, the parameters usually do not provide a good intuition of the rate of exploration and exploitation. Hence, reaching a balance between them is hard to predict just by the algorithm parameters. This dissertation proposes a conceptual design combining the spy algorithm and B-VNS. The spy algorithm is a population-based metaheuristic algorithm that mimics the strategy of a group of spies, the spy ring. The spy algorithm is a new concept with the main idea to ensure the benefit of exploration and exploitation, and cooperative and non-cooperative searches always exist. This goal is implemented by utilizing three kinds of dedicated search operators and regulating them in a fixed portion. The occurrences of exploration and exploitation are controlled by algorithm parameters. Thus, the spy algorithm parameters provide good before-running intuition to easier reach the balance between exploration and exploitation. The spy algorithm is first designed to be used in the continuous optimization model. The spy algorithm was compared to the genetic algorithm, improved harmony search, and particle swarm optimization on a set of non-convex functions by aiming at accuracy, the ability to detect many global optimum points, and computation time. The Kruskal-Wallis tests, followed by Games—Howell post hoc comparison tests, were conducted using a. for the comparison. The statistical analysis results show that the spy algorithm outperformed the other algorithms by providing the best accuracy and detecting more global optimum points within less computation time. Furthermore, those results indicate that the spy algorithm is more robust and faster than other algorithms tested. On the other hand, the B-VNS algorithm is a modification of the variable neighborhood search (VNS) algorithm. The benefit of VNS comes from its thorough search while avoiding the local optimum trap by moving to the neighboring point called shaking. The local search after shaking is another benefit of VNS that makes VNS a prominent algorithm. However, the thorough search has the drawback of long computation time. This dissertation introduces a modified neighborhood structure to reduce the computation times. The main idea is to apply the binomial distribution to create the neighboring point. As a result, the neighborhood distance has a random pattern. However, it follows a binomial distribution instead of a strictly monotonic increase like in VNS. The B-VNS is a modification of VNS and is classified as a single solution-based algorithm. The B-VNS is intended to solve combinatorial optimization problems, particularly the quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems categorized as NP-hard problems. The B-VNS and VNS algorithms were tested on standard QUBO problems from Glover and Beasley, on standard max-cut problems from Helmberg-Rendl, and those proposed by Burer, Monteiro, and Zhang. Finally, Mann-Whitney tests were conducted using a. to compare the performance of the two algorithms statistically. It was shown that the B-VNS and VNS algorithms are able to provide good solutions, but the B-VNS algorithm runs substantially faster. Furthermore, the B-VNS algorithm performed better in all of the max-cut problems regardless of problem size and in QUBO problems with sizes less than The spy algorithms and B-VNS have different designs in the process and the domain of the solved problems. However, considering the benefit of the spy algorithm and B-VNS, their combination has the potential to provide good results. Conceptually, the spy algorithm can be seen as the first step of B-VNS. Conversely, B-VNS can be considered an additional refinement for the spy algorithm.

Rapid population growth and economic progress over the past decades have triggered a sharp increase in the global demand for fossil fuels thereby resulting in an energy crisis. The problem may be alleviated by upgrading and producing gaseous energy, but one of the major challenges associated with gaseous energy is to separate it effectively from other less desirable gases. Thus, energy-saving and high-efficiency separation technology is needed. In the past three decades, gas separation membranes, including polymeric membranes and inorganic membranes, have attracted much attention due to their advantages in terms of energy efficiency, operational simplicity, cost competitiveness, and small footprint. Although polymeric membranes have been utilized in practical gas separation, their separation performance is not sufficient for widespread practical application. Carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes, one of the inorganic porous membranes, can be prepared by pyrolyzing polymeric precursors.Their pore structures provide molecular sieving ability and possess good thermal and chemical resistance. Especially, the separation properties of the CMS membranes for a variety of gas pairs have exceeded the upper bound of polymeric membranes. These characteristics have made them attractive candidates for gas separation. The pore structures, separation properties, and transport mechanism of the CMS membranes depend critically on the type of the polymeric precursors, pyrolysis conditions and pre- and post-treatments. Thus, in this thesis, I prepared CMS membranes derived from different polymeric precursors and investigated the effect of pyrolysis conditions and post-treatment on the gas permeation properties. In Chapter 2, toluene vapor addition was performed for the first time during the pyrolysis process to prepare highly selective CMS membranes. Adding toluene vapor in the pyrolysis process was a simple method to improve the selectivity compared with the traditional chemical vapor deposition post-treatment technique. Additionally, the use of toluene can avoid the high transportation costs of gaseous hydrocarbons. The results indicated that toluene vapor addition increased selectivities of the H2-related gas pairs compared with CMS membranes without toluene vapor addition. This could not be realized simply by increasing the pyrolysis temperature without toluene vapor addition. The CMS membrane with toluene vapor addition also showed higher permeance with a moderate selectivity compared with the CMS membrane with gaseous hydrocarbon addition reported in the literature. Furthermore, the gas permeance and selectivity could be readily controlled by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature and duration of the addition. The optimal preparation conditions of the CMS membrane with toluene vapor addition depend on the targeted gas pair to be separated. This study indicated that adding liquid hydrocarbon vapor in the pyrolysis process can be a simple and effective method for preparing highly selective CMS membranes. In Chapter 3, the mechanism of achieving high selectivity for the CMS membranes prepared by adding toluene vapor was further investigated. The physical and chemical properties of CMS membrane with adding toluene vapor were characterized using some sophisticated characterization techniques. It was found that toluene vapor addition formed carbon deposition on the outer surface region of the CMS membrane, which agreed with the previous report. The gas adsorption experiment suggested that toluene vapor addition also resulted in the loss and the narrowing of ultramicroporosity. Additionally, I preliminary analyzed the mechanism of achieving high selectivity for the CMS membrane with toluene vapor addition. In Chapter 4, a novel porous carbon fiber (PCF) was investigated to prepare supported CMS membranes derived from wood tar solution, as the development of wood tar-derived CMS membranes has been limited by the availability of porous supports in recent years. Moreover, the CMS membranes supported on commercially available porous ceramic tubes were also prepared under the same conditions for comparison purposes. The PCF consisted of interconnected pore structures, which provide additional paths and channels for gas transport, whereas the porous structure of the ceramic support consisted of voids between the alumina particles. It was found that for both supports, 70 wt% wood tar solution was the optimal solution for preparation of CMS membranes. The PCF-supported CMS membranes exhibited higher gas permeance and selectivity than the NA3-supported membranes. Furthermore, a series of PCF-supported CMS membranes from 70 wt% wood tar solution were prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures, the membrane pyrolyzed at 600 °C exhibited the highest H2 selectivity. This study demonstrated that PCF can be used for supported CMS membranes derived from wood tar solution. Additionally, PCF is also a promising support for the supported CMS membranes derived from other polymeric precursors. Finally, Chapter 5 summarized the main contents of this thesis.

It is important to anticipate problems such as a large amount of spring water that occurs during shafts construction and maintenance problems such as concentration of lining cracks after shafts construction in advance, and to carry out construction in a rational manner. Crack tensor from the rock mass information (cracks, strength) obtained by the construction of the shafts of the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory of the JAEA, aiming at the selection of support and the implementation of spring water countermeasures. Based on the theory, the research results were summarized with the aim of evaluating the water hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass during shafts construction and the deteriorated condition of the lining after shafts construction, and establishing a simple prediction method for these. Chapter 1 summarizes the current state of rock mass geological observation and lining maintenance in the shafts, the water permeability coefficient of the rock mass, and the past domestic and overseas studies on the deterioration state of the lining, and the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass using the rock mass information. The purpose of this study was clarified with the task of evaluating the deterioration state of the lining and establishing these simple prediction methods. In Chapter 2, crack tensor theory and stereology (statistical geometry) are used using information (length, direction, opening width) of rock cracks during shafts construction. By applying the concept, the three-dimensional permeable tensor was estimated accurately. Then, when the hydraulic conductivity obtained from the three-dimensional hydraulic tensor and the hydraulic conductivity based on the result of the in-situ permeability test using the deep borehole near the shafts were compared, it was clarified that they were in good agreement. A high correlation was obtained between the crack frequency obtained by dividing the total length of the cracks obtained in the shafts construction by the evcavation surface area and the hydraulic conductivity obtained from the three-dimensional hydraulic tensor. Therefore, we proposed a method to easily predict the hydraulic conductivity of rock from the frequency of cracks. The obtained prediction formula targets the depth at which three cross sections orthogonal to each other can be obtained on the rock crack observation surface, but the prediction formula was also obtained at a depth where three cross sections orthogonal to each other cannot be obtained. Comparing the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass and the hydraulic conductivity based on the in-situ permeability test results, it was clarified that they are in good agreement. In Chapter 3, the orientation dependence of the earth pressure is recognized in the underground environment of the Horonobe Underground Research Center, and it is the major principal stress direction in the shafts of the underground Laboratory. Cracks have occurred on the lining wall surface in the east-west direction. However, the lining cracks in the shafts at that point may depend not only on the orientation dependence of the ground pressure, but also on the rock cracks on the back surface of the lining, the ground cover and the rock strength. If a prediction formula for predicting lining deterioration can be created in consideration, it will be useful information for countermeasures during construction, and based on the crack tensor calculated based on the information on cracks, from the rock crack tensor and rock strength. I proposed a method to estimate the deterioration condition of the lining. The estimated value of the crack tensor regarding the deterioration of the lining using the obtained prediction formula and the measured value calculated from the information of the lining crack, assuming that the margin of error due to the relative error is 0.1, the estimated value and the measured value are well one. Im adei t clear that Ia md oing it. In Chapter 4, aiming at selection of rational support for shafts extension of underground Research Laboratory planned in the future and implementation of spring water countermeasures. Ip roposed ac onstruction management system that applies the crack tensor prediction method for rock hydraulic conductivity during shafts construction and deterioration of lining after shafts construction. In the future, in order to select more rational support and implement measures against spring water, the rock mass information (cracks and rock mass strength) acquired during shafts construction will be obtained using the prediction formulas established in Chapters 2 and 3. By predicting the hydraulic conductivity of the rock and the crack tensor related to the deterioration of the lining, and reflecting it in the measures against spring water in the rock mass and the measures against the deformation of the lining, it can be expected to contribute to the reduction of maintenance costs. Chapter 5 summarizes the research results in each chapter and raises future issues for conclusion.

中央構造線(MTL; Median Tectonic Line)は、西南日本を東西に横断する延長約1000kmの断層である。愛媛県西条市付近には、MTLは三波川変成帯と和泉層群を境する構造線としての低角度な断層帯(MTLTB; MTL inactive terrane boundary)と、この断層の北側に並走する活断層としての高角度な断層帯(MTLAFZ; MTL active fault zone)がある。地表でのMTLAFZの傾斜角度を明らかにするために、川上断層を横断する延長約10m、深さ約2mのトレンチ調査を行った。また、地表部で約10mの間隔で並走する両断層の地下での接合関係と断層面の傾斜角度を明らかにするために、断層を横断する80-330mの6本のボーリング掘削を実施した。更に、より広範囲の断層構造や地盤の物性を把握するために延長1200mの反射法地震探査と延長500mの高密度電気探査を実施した。採取した断層試料を用いて断層岩の化学分析、変形構造記載、カルサイトの双晶密度の測定、断層の変形フェーズの解析を行い、低角度横ずれ断層のメカニズムや断層活動史を明らかにした。 トレンチ調査、ボーリング調査、高密度電気探査により、地表部で北方へ約70゜の角度で傾斜する川上断層が、地下で北方へ30゜の角度で傾斜するMTLTBに収れんすることが示唆され、地下のMTLTBは活断層であることが分かった。MTLTBの上盤に分布する小断層の卓越した和泉層群の比抵抗値は、主破砕帯の割れ目の少ない安山岩ブロックと推定される高比抵抗部を除き、断層下盤に分布する堅硬な三波川変成岩類の比抵抗値よりも低い値を示した。また、断層に沿って深部流体が上昇していると推定される低比抵抗帯が確認された。反射法地震探査では、MTLTBに相当する北方へ約30゜の角度で傾斜する明瞭な反射面が確認され、より深部まで断層が延長することが分かった。主破砕帯を構成する蛇紋岩中の鉱物のEPMA分析結果によると、マントル起源のマグネシオクロマイトを含むことが分かった。既往の深部地震探査の結果は、MTLの深部延長が下部地殻まで達しいることを示しているが、これにより、MTLTBの延長がマントルまで達し、蛇紋岩が断層変位とダイアピルによって表層部まで上昇してきたことが示唆された。MTLTBは断層面の傾斜角度が低角度であり、本来は横ずれ断層として動きにくいと考えられる。MTLTBの断層ガウジや主破砕帯に大量の層状珪酸塩鉱物が存在することや断層沿いの深部流体の存在は、断層のせん断強度を低下させる要因となり、低角度の断層でも横ずれ運動が可能になったと考えられる。カルサイトの双晶密度から求めたMTLTBを横断する歪み分布は断層から直線的で緩やかに低下する傾向を示し、断層のせん断強度が低下していることを示唆する。 変形フェーズの解析では、MTLTBとMTLAFZの幾何学的な特徴やそれぞれの断層と地層との接合関係、断層の変位センス等の構造地質学的特徴、古応力場の解析等に基づいて変形フェーズを古いほうからD1～D4の4つに定義した。D1フェーズはNNE-SSW圧縮の応力場の変形であり始新世中期(47 -46 Ma) 頃に断層の上盤が西方へ変位した左横ずれセンスの運動、D2フェーズはE-W伸張の応力場の変形であり中新世中期(15 -14 Ma) 頃に断層の上盤が北方へ変位した正断層センスの運動、D3フェーズはNNW-SSE圧縮の応力場の変形であり中新世中期から鮮新世後期(14-3Ma) 頃に断層上盤が南方へ変位した逆断層運動、D4フェーズはWNW-ESE圧縮の応力場の変形であり鮮新世後期から更新世前期(3-1 Ma) 以降に断層上盤が東方へ変位した右横ずれ運動である。 西南日本を横断する中央構造線沿いには多くの都市が分布しており、MTLの傾斜角度等の幾何学的な情報は、地震災害分布や地震の規模等を予測する上で重要パラメータになると考えられる。また、MTLAFZは地下数km以内の浅い深度でMTLTBに収れんすると考えられ、従来、非活動的な地質断層として考えられていたMTLTBが、将来、活断層として変位する可能性があることを示唆している。

Fertility decreases during aging in human and bovine females, but the exact pathophysiological mechanisms in the oviducts and uteri are not clarified yet. Anti- Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein that belongs to the transforming growth factor -β superfamily. Plasma AMH concentration can predict the fertility of adult female goats, ewes, cows, and women via unknown physiological mechanisms. This thesis study attempted to clarify whether AMH, and the main receptor for AMH, AMH receptor type 2 (AMHR2) have important roles for the age-related infertility. In first, I investigated whether the primary receptor for AMH, AMHR2, is expressed in bovine oviducts and endometria. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) detected expression of AMHR2 mRNA in oviductal and endometrial specimens. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to analyse AMHR2 protein expression using anti-bovine AMHR2 antibody. Immunohistochemistry revealed robust AMHR2 expression in the tunica mucosa of the ampulla and isthmus, as well as in the glandular and luminal epithelium of the endometrium. The number of AMHR2-positive fibroblasts increased, suggesting the presence of fibrosis in the oviducts and uteri of old cows. AMHR2 mRNA (measured RT-qPCR) and AMHR2 protein expression in these layers did not significantly differ among oestrous phases in adult Japanese Black (JB) cows (P>0.1). In addition, AMHR2 mRNA and protein expression in these layers did not differ Among old Holsteins (mean (±SEM age 91.9±6.4 months ) and young (26.6±0.8 months) and old (98.8±10.2 months) JB cows. Therefore, AMHR2 is expressed in bovine oviducts and endometria. Other important hormones for endocrinological regulation have paracrine and autocrine roles. Therefore, in the next study, I investigated whether bovine oviducts and endometria produce AMH. RT-PCR and western blotting detected AMH expression in oviductal and endometrial specimens. Immunohistochemistry revealed robust AMH expression in the ampulla and isthmus epithelia, and the glandular and luminal endometrial epithelia (caruncular endometria). The number of AMH-positive fibroblasts increased, suggesting the presence of fibrosis in the oviducts and uteri of old cows. AMH mRNA and protein expression in these layers did not significantly differ among estrous phases in adult JB heifers (p > .1). Furthermore, the expression in these layers also did not differ among Holstein cows (93.8 ± 5.8 months old), JB heifers (25.5 ± 0.4 months old), and JB cows (97.9 ± 7.9 months old). We also compared AMH concentrations in the oviduct and uterine horn fluids among the three groups (measured by immunoassays). Interestingly, the AMH concentration in the oviduct fluid, but not in the uterine horn fluid, of Holstein cows was lower than those in JB heifers and cows (p < .05). Therefore, bovine oviducts and endometria express AMH and likely secrete it into the oviduct and uterine fluids. Collagen, the most abundant extra-cellular matrix in oviducts and uteri, performs critical roles in pregnancies. I hypothesised that the locations and amounts of both denatured collagen and the collagen-specific molecular chaperone 47-kDa heat shock protein (HSP47) in the oviducts and uteri of old cows are different compared with those of young heifers because of repeated pregnancies. Since detecting damaged collagen in tissues is challenging, we developed a new method that uses a denatured collagen detection reagent. Then, we compared damaged collagen in the oviducts and uteri between postpubertal growing nulliparous heifers (22.1 ± 1.0 months old) and old multiparous cows (143.1 ± 15.6 months old). Further, I evaluated the relationship between denatured collagen and HSP47 by combining this method with fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Picro sirius red staining showed collagen in almost all parts of the oviducts and uteri. Expectedly, damaged collagen was increased in the oviducts and uteri of old cows. However, damaged collagen and HSP47 were not located in the same area in old cows. The number of HSP47- positive fibroblasts increased, suggesting the presence of fibrosis in the oviducts and uteri of old cows. These organs of old cows showed higher HSP47 protein amounts than those of heifers. However, the uteri, but not oviducts, of old cows had lower HSP47 mRNA amounts than those of heifers. These findings revealed the specific location and amounts of denatured collagen and HSP47 in the oviducts and uteri of old cows compared with those of heifers. Therefore, I discovered the AMH, AMHR2 expression in several important layers of oviducts and uteri, and I discovered the increased AMH, AMHR2, and HSP47 in the fibroblasts after aging. However, still role of AMH, AMHR2 in oviducts and uteri were not clarified yet. Therefore, in the next study, I hypothesized that AMH stimulate HSP47 expression in fibroblast and epithelium. I cultured uterine fibroblasts and epithelial cells obtained from heifers. Then, I treated the cells with recombinant with increasing concentrations (0, 1, 10, or 100 ng mL-1) of AMH. HSP47 expression was measured by western blotting. AMH stimulated (P<0.05) HSP47 expression in epithelial cells but not in fibroblasts. Therefore, these findings suggested the role of AMH to cause the abnormal high HSP47 expression in the oviducts and uteri of old cows. In conclusion, this thesis discovered the AMH and AMHR2 in bovine oviducts and uteri, which have important roles for collagen synthesis via HSP47.

転写因子CCAAT/enhancer-bringing protein beta（C/EBPβ）は、IGF-binding protein-1（IGFBP-1）やprolactin（ERL）遺伝子のプロモーターおよびエンハンサー領域において、転写活性マーカーであるHistone-H3 lysine-27 アセチル化(H3K27ac)を誘導するパイオニア因子であり、ヒト子宮内膜間質細胞（ESC）の脱落膜化に貢献することを我々はこれまでに報告している。パイオニア因子の一部はヒストンアセチルトランスフェラーゼ（HAT）活性を有するコファクターと複合体を形成することで機能する。我々は、C/EBPβと共役するHATタンパクとしてp300を同定しているが、それ以外のコファクターについては不明である。Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma comma coactivator 1-α（PGC-1α）はH3K27acを制御することが知られている転写共役因子である。PGC-1αはESCでも発現しているが、脱落膜化におけるPGC-1αの機能は不明である。そこで、PGC-1αがC/EBPβの転写共役因子として働き、脱落膜化過程においてH3K27ac誘導に関与しているのではないかと考え検討した。脱落膜化を誘導するためにESCをcAMP存在上で培養した。cAMPによるIGFBP-1およびPRLの発現上昇はPGC-1αのノックダウンにより抑制された。また、cAMPはIGFBP-1およびPRLのプロモーターとエンハンサー領域に存在するC/EBPβ結合部位へのPGC-1αとp300のリクルートを増加させた。さらに、PGC-1αをノックダウンするとC/EBPβとp300に結合、およびH3K27acレベルが低下したことから、PGC-1αはこれらの領域でC/EBPβおよびp300とヒストン修飾複合体を形成することでH3K27ac誘導に関与していることが示された。さらにPGC-1αの発現制御機構を調べるために、C/EBPβを上流因子として着目した。PGC-1αのエンハンサー領域へのC/EBPβの結合はcAMPで増加した。また、これらのエンハンサーをゲノム編集により欠失させた細胞ではPGC-1αの発現が減少したことから、C/EBPβは我々が見出したエンハンサー領域に結合することでPGC-1αの発現を上昇させると考えられた。以上より、PGC-1αはC/EBPβの新規エンハンサーへの結合によって発現誘導されること、また、C/EBPβとp300と共にヒストン修飾複合体を形成して、IGFBP-1およびPRLのプロモーターとエンハンサーにエピゲノム変化を引き起こすことで脱落膜化に貢献していることがわかった。

【目的】代謝状態の朝晩の変化を理解することは、代謝障害を管理するためには重要である。我々は、インスリン分泌とインスリン感受性の観点からこの朝晩の変化を解析し、さらに概日リズムとの関連性を含めて検討することを目的とした。 【方法】非糖尿病成人男性14人と10人に対し、それぞれ75ｇ経口ブドウ糖負荷試験(OGTT)と高インスリン正常血糖（HE）クランプ実験を行った。各被験者に対し、午前8時と午後8時にOGTTまたはHEクランプを1回ずつ行った。ただし試験時間の順序は無作為とした。各試験直前に毛根を採取し、毛包における時計遺伝子発現量をリアルタイムPCR法で解析した。また、マウスの肝臓と筋肉でもAKTリン酸化をウエスタンブロット法により解析した。 【結果】OGTTの結果から、耐糖能は午前8時の方が良好であることがわかった。これは、OGTTにおける負荷後60分までのインスリン早期分泌とHEクランプで説明される骨格筋インスリン感受性の違いに起因すると考えられた。一方、OGTTにおける肝臓のインスリン抵抗性指数によって推定される肝インスリン感受性は、午後8時の方が良好であった。60分までのインスリン分泌量と肝臓のインスリン抵抗性指数の朝晩の差は、Per2のｍRNAの相対的発現量と有意に相関していた。ΔGIR（20時の値－8時の値）は、Δ非エステル化脂肪酸（NEFA）と有意に相関したが、時計遺伝子発現との相関は認められなかった。ΔNEFAは、E4bp4のmRNA発現量およびΔコルチゾールと有意に相関していた。マウスでは、ヒトの研究から予想されるように、AKTリン酸化は活動時間の初めに肝臓で減少し、筋肉で増加していた。 【結語】各組織の糖代謝は朝と晩で大きく異なっており、脂質代謝、時計遺伝子およびコルチゾールの影響を受けていることがわかった。この関連性についてのより深い知見が代謝障害の新たな改善法の開発に寄与する可能性がある。

右心室 (RV) の機能障害とそれに関連する不整脈は、肺動脈性肺高血圧症 (PAH) の予後の重要な決定要因として認識されている。今回心臓リアノジン受容体 (RyR2) の安定剤であるダントロレン (DAN) による右室心筋への直接的な薬理学的介入が、モノクロタリン (MCT) 誘発性PAHラットモデルにおいてRV機能障害および不整脈に対する保護効果を有するかどうかを調査することを目的とした。方法として雄の8週齢のSprague-Dawleyラットに、PAHの誘発のためにMCTを腹腔内投与した。カテコールアミンによる心室頻拍 (VT) の誘発も、単離された心筋細胞におけるRyR2を介したCa^{2+}放出特性に関連して評価された。RVの形態と機能に対する慢性的な圧力過負荷の独立した影響を評価するためには、肺動脈縮窄モデルも確立した。結果、MCT誘発PHAラットモデルでは、RV肥大、拡張、および機能低下が観察され、MCT誘発2か月後の生存率は0%であった。対照的に、慢性DAN治療はこれらすべてのRVパラメータを改善し、生存率を80%に増加させた。慢性的なDAN療法はまた、RyR2からのカルモジュリンの解離を防ぎ、それによってMCTによって誘発された肥大したRV心筋細胞におけるCa^{2+}スパークと自発的なCa^{2+}トランジェストを抑制した。エピネフリンは、MCT誘発性PAHのラットの50%以上でVTを誘発したが、慢性DAN治療によってVTの完全に抑制した。以上よりDANによるRyR2の安定化は、PAHに関連するRV機能障害および致命的な不整脈の発症に対する新しい治療薬としての可能性を秘めている。

We previously discovered that SPC/Fyn/Rho-kinase (ROK) pathway mediates the Ca^{2+}-sensitization of coronary arterial smooth muscle (CASM) contraction leading to vasospasm, a major cause of sudden death. Lately, we have been trying to find and develop more natural edible compounds which can treat and/or prevent the SPC-induced abnormal CASM contraction, and finally the first to discover that tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4'-prentamethoxyflavone), a natural compound extracted from citrus plants, can inhibit the SPC-induced CASM contraction both in the pretreatment and posttreatment. In porcine CASM tissues, tangeretin showed remarkable inhibitory effects on the SPC-induced contraction with modest inhibitory effects on the high K^+-depolarization-induced Ca^{2+}-dependent contraction, both in pretreatment and posttreatment at the optimal concentrations; Regarding the mechanisms, tangeretin markedly abolished the SPC-induced cell contraction through inhibiting the SPC-induced activation and translocation of Fyn and ROK from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane in cultured CASM cells, resulting in the reduction of phosphorylation of myosin light chain. Taken together, these findings indicate that tangeretin, upon pre- or post- treatment, inhibits the SPC-induced CASM contraction through suppressing the Fyn/ROK signaling pathway, thereby suggesting that tangeretin can be a potential candidate for the treatment and/or prevention of vasospasm.

Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) is a neural huntingtin interactor and being considered as a core molecule of stigmoid body (STB). Brain or spinal cord regions with abundant STB/HAP1 expression are usually spared from neurodegeneration, whereas the regions with little STB/HAP1 expression are always neurodegenerative targets. The enteric nervous system (ENS) can act as a potential portal for pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. To date, the expression of HAP1 and its neurochemical characterization have never been examined there. In the current study, we determined the expression and immunohistochemical phenotypes of HAP1 in ENS of adult rodents using Western blotting and light/fluorescence microscopy. HAP1 immunoreactivity was strongly expressed in both myenteric and submucosal plexuses of ENS. STBs were observed in the cytoplasm of most of the HAP1-immunoractive (ir) cells in ENS. In myenteric plexus, a large number of calretinin, calbindin, NOS, VIP, ChAT, SP, somatostatin, and TH-ir neurons showed HAP1 immunoreactivity. In contrast, most of the CGRP-ir neurons were devoid of HAP1-immunoreactivity. In submucosal plexus, almost all the cholinergic secretomotor neurons containing ChAT/ CGRP/ somatostatin/ calretinin, non-cholinergic secretomotor neurons containing VIP/TH/calretinin and vasodilator neurons containing VIP/calretinin express HAP1. Our current study is the first to clarify that HAP1 is highly expressed in excitatory motor neurons, inhibitory motor neurons, and interneurons but almost absent in sensory neurons in myenteric plexus. While, HAP1 is expressed in all neuronal subgroups of Meissner’s plexuses. These suggest that due to lack of putative STB/HAP1 protectivity, the sensory neurons (Dogiel type II) might be more vulnerable to neurodegeneration than STB/HAP1-expressing Dogiel type I neurons in myenteric plexus and secretomotor/vasodilator in Meissner’s plexuses. Our current results may reflect the involvement of HAP1 in modulation of excitatory and inhibitory motor neuron functions in myenteric plexus and the secretomotor and vasodilator functions of submucosal neurons. It will be of great interest to elucidate the physiological or pathological roles of HAP1 in ENS. Our current results might lay a basic foundation for future studies that seek to clarify the physiological/pathological effects of STB/HAP1 in the ENS.

背景：経食道心エコー図検査（TEE）は、心房細動（AF）に対する肺静脈隔離術（PVI）前の左心房（LA）および左心耳（LAA）における血栓の有無の評価を行うゴールドスタンダードな検査である。TEEは比較的安全とされているが、近年PVIに先行するTEEが食道粘膜損傷（EMI）を引き起こす可能性があることが報告された。 目的：PVIを施行したAF患者におけるTEE関連EMIの発生率とその危険因子を検討すること。 方法と結果：3D TEEプローブを用いた術前TEEと術後上部消化管内視鏡検査を受けたPVI患者262人を対象とした。TEE関連EMIは16人（6.1%）の患者（18病変）、PVI関連EMIは5人（1.9%）の患者（8病変）で認められた。TEE関連EMIは上部食道の右側と中部食道の左前側で多く認められた。1人の患者で軽度の胸部違和感を認めた。多変量解析では、高齢はTEE関連EMIの独立した危険因子であった（オッズ比1.08、95%信頼区間1.01-1.16；P=0.0274）。 結語：3D TEEプローブによるTEE関連EMIは、PVI施行患者の6.1%で認められ、高齢であることはTEE関連EMIの危険因子であった。これらの所見から、特に高齢患者においては、LA・LAAにおける血栓評価として他の画像診断を考慮する必要があるかもしれない。

近年、遺伝子改変T細胞を用いた養子免疫療法の臨床応用が進められているが、未だ治療成績は満足のいくものではなく、更なる治療の進歩が求められている。我々はこれまで、自律性にIL7とCCL19を発現するCAR-T細胞（7×19 CAT-R細胞）が優れた抗腫瘍活性を発揮することを示した。本研究ではIL7及びCCL19がTCR-T細胞の抗腫瘍活性を増強させる可能性を検証するため、腫瘍抗原であるP1Aを特異的に認識するTCR-T細胞（P1A-T細胞）にIL7及びCCL19を分泌させる遺伝子改変を加えた7×19 P1A-T細胞を作製した。P1Aを有する細胞株であるP815を皮下接種したマウスに対する養子免疫療法において、7×19 P1A細胞はIL7及びCCL19を分泌しないP1A-T細胞（Conv. P1A-T細胞）と比較し優れた抗腫瘍効果を示した。腫瘍拒絶マウスにおいては、Conv. P1A-T細胞を使用したマウスと比較し優れた免疫記憶が形成されていた。また抗PD-1抗体を用いた複合免疫療法を行うことで、7×19 P1A-T細胞の有する抗腫瘍効果は更に増強された。CRISPR/ Cas9システムを用いPdcd1をknockdownした7×19 P1A-T細胞は対照7×19 P1A-T細胞と比較し強い抗腫瘍効果を示したが、抗PD-1抗体を併用することで更なる抗腫瘍効果の増強を認めたことから、7×19 P1A-T細胞の発揮する抗腫瘍効果には7×19 P1A-T細胞そのものばかりでなくマウス内在性のT細胞が関与していることが分かった。また、7×19 P1A-T細胞においても抗PD-1抗体との併用により抗腫瘍効果が増強することを確認した。本研究における検証により、7×19 TCR-T細胞及び7×19 CAR-T細胞を用いた免疫療法が抗悪性腫瘍療法の発展に寄与できる可能性が示された。

In high strain-rate zones, active regions of ongoing crustal deformation, earthquakes occur frequently, the total slip rates of active faults are in the zone not consistent to strain rate detected by geodesy. This difference is one of the most significant issues for crustal deformation, and is known as "strain-rate paradox". Previous crustal deformation models are mainly constructed with major active faults alone, whereas minor faults are often recognized in the high strain-rate zones. The aims of this thesis are to solve the strain-rate paradox and propose a new image of the crustal deformation by focusing on the minor faults. In order to accomplish these goals, the representative high strain-rate zones such as San-in Shear Zone (SSZ) and Niigata-Kobe Tectonic Zone (NKTZ) were targeted. As a result of the topographical and geological approaches, universal model, origin, deformation process and mechanism of the high strain-rate zone were clarified. The main outcomes are as follows: (1) Minor faults in the NKTZ, which are mostly NE-SW to ENE-WSW-trending, have a few mm to a few dozens of cm in width and exhibit dextral sense of shear. These minor faults are distributed in the vicinity and/or away from the major active faults. In addition, the active fault, whose core zone has 5 m in thickness, were found. Such fault showed dextral sense of shear and has the latest slip event after AD 1521-1658, suggesting that the fault clearly contribute to the dextral deformation of the NKTZ. The origins of such faults are thought to be tensile cracks formed in Cretaceous, suggesting that the faults contribute to the dextral deformation of the NKTZ after repeated faulting along the cracks. The minor faults away from the major active faults are also thought to contribute to the deformation of the NKTZ, whereas minor faults outside of the NKTZ cannot contribute to that of the NKTZ. (2) Minor faults in the SSZ, which are mostly ENE-WSW to NE-SW-trending, have a few mm to a few dozens of cm in width and exhibit dextral sense of shear. These other minor faults trending NW-SE ～ NNW-SSE direction with steep dips, are sinistral sense of shear. The minor faults, which is trending E-W direction with steep dips, showed dextral sense of shear. Active faults, whose attitude are nearly parallel to the SSZ, are also newly recognized. The thickness of the fault is a few cm and thought to show dextral-reverse oblique slip after 18648-16313 cal. BC. The frameworks of the major active faults in the SSZ are thought to prepared along the geological boundaries and such faults have grown by the repeated activities since Paleogene. It is considered that not only major active faults but also minor faults away from the major active faults can contribute to the dextral motion of the SSZ. On the contrary, there are only reverse fault was recognized in the area outside of the SSZ. (3) The minor fault in the high strain-rate zones, which includes the minor fault away from the major active fault, can contribute to the dextral deformation of the high strain-rate zones because of their attitudes and sense of shears. On the other hand, the minor faults outside of the high strain-rate zones cannot contribute to the dextral deformation of the zone due to their attitudes and sense of shears. Thus, there are noteworthy difference between minor faults in and outside of the high strain-rate zones. Combining these outcomes, a hierarchical structure of the high strain-rate zones can be constructed as follows: (I) fault core of major active faults, (II) damage zone of major active faults, (III) brittle shear zone (or active background; the area beyond the damage zone but in the SSZ), (IV) inactive background (outside of the high strain-rate zone). This new model enables to partly solve the strain rate paradox for both zones, whereas an occurrence of faults differs between the zones. The NKTZ is characterized by NE-SW to ENE-WSW-trending minor faults and their thickness ranging from a few mm to a few dozens of cm. The active faults possess fault core with > 5 m in thickness. The SSZ are characterized by NW-SE or E-W-trending minor faults and their thickness ranging from a few mm to a few dozens of cm. Some faults show the Quaternary activities, whereas fault core with a few meters in thickness were not found. These differences on fault occurrence are considered to be derived from the evolutional processes. It is thought that the repeated activities along the pre-existed structures lead to present active faults. Thus, it can be considered that the faults are assigned in response to the local geological background, which result in dextral contribution to the high strain-rate zones. This study clarified universal model, origin, deformation process and mechanism of the high strain-rate zone by focusing on the minor faults. These achievements can constrain the modeling of the crustal deformation and interpretations of the geodetical observations and can contribute to assessments of large-scale constructions and seismic hazards.

This PhD thesis addressed current knowledge gaps regarding microplastic pollution as well as developed new insights into occurrences and fate of microplastics within marine and freshwater systems,prominent sources-to-sinks phenomena,and ecological risk assessments with global relevance.

近年，情報通信技術の進化は著しく，データ主導型社会への転換が進むなか，公共データの活用促進，すなわち「オープンデータ」の動きが世界的に広がっている．わが国でも2012年には「電子行政オープンデータ戦略」が政府決定され，オープンデータが本格的にスタートした．オープンデータは，単なる情報公開にとどまるものではなく，公共データを二次利用可能な形（機械判読に適したデータ形式，無償，再配布可能等）で民間に開放することにより，データがこれまで以上の価値を生み出すことを狙うものである． 災害対策，土木・建築事業，ヘルスケア分野など，様々な分野でオープンデータの活用が始まっており，実際に公共の利益に資する例やビジネスの収益をもたらす例などを，確認することができる．しかし，オープンデータに取り組んでいる地方公共団体は未だ100%には至っていない．また，行政が掲げているオープンデータに取り組む意義・目的のすべてが達成されているとは言い難い状況にある． そこで本論文では，研究の対象主体を地方公共団体に定め，わが国のオープンデータを取り巻く生態系（エコシステム）について仮説を立て，実証実験を行い，地方公共団体のオープンデータ推進を阻む問題点と解決方法を明らかにすることを主たる研究目的とする．そのうえで，オープンデータの付加価値向上の検討を次の目的とする．具体的には，公開されている公共データを情報・ナレッジにまで加工し公表することで，地域社会の課題解決に貢献できるか検討することを目指す． これらの目的を遂行するために，本論文は次の3つのテーマに取り組む．(1)全国の地方公共団体のオープンデータ取り組みの実態を明らかにし，そこに潜む課題を明確にする．(2)わが国のオープンデータの生態系に登場する，データ提供者，サービス利用者，インフラ提供者などのアクター間の関係を包括的に考察し，地方公共団体がオープンデータを推進するための新たなモデルを提案する．(3)地域活性化にかかわる政策の，提言・評価に直接役立つように「データを情報に変換する」という試みを通じて，オープンデータ活用の更なる可能性を論じる． 本論文の主要な成果は以下の通りである．地方公共団体のオープンデータ推進の実態解明では，市区町村レベルで当該取り組みを促進するには自治体間の連携が重要であることを明らかにし，自治体間連携には3つのタイプがあることを示した．次に，総務省が実施したアンケート調査を自治体の人口規模別に分析することにより，市町村レベルで推進が進まない要因を明らかにした．また，既存のホームページによるデータ公開と，新たなオープンデータによるデータ公開が混在する現状を整理し，そこに潜む課題を明確にした．以上の結果を踏まえたうえで，オープンデータ・エコシステムという枠組みで現状をモデル化し，新たに”データ仲介者”という活動主体での取り組み方法を提案した．そして，都道府県が公開している社会指標を研究対象に選択し，山口県庁にて実験を行い，提案するモデルの効果を実証した．最後に，公共データの一歩進んだ活用法として産業連関表を用いた経済波及効果推計法を提案し，IT産業の立地が少ない地方公共団体では経済波及効果の相当規模が域外に漏出してしまうことを明らかにした．これにより，データの持つ価値を高めて，政策評価にも応用できることを示した． 本論文は，以下の8章から成る． 第1章では，序論として研究の背景，目的および構成について記載する． 第2章では，自治体の情報化推進の歴史を概観したうえで，オープンデータについて定義や意義などを整理し，地方公共団体が直面する課題について論じる． 第3章では，上述の3つのテーマ(1)～(3)に対する先行研究について述べ，本論文が目指す点を明示する． 続く第4章から第7章が，本論文の主な研究成果になる．テーマ(1)は第4，5章に，テーマ(2)は第6章に，テーマ(3)は第7章に相当する． 第4章では，都道府県別にその管内の全市区町村のなかでオープンデータをインターネットで提供している市区町村の割合を算出し，訂正調査と組み合わせて分析した結果について述べる．市区町村のオープンデータの促進には，自治体間の連携が重要であることを明らかにし，自治体間の連携に3つのタイプがあることを示した．そのなかで，”都道府県がポータルサイトの公開機能を市区町村に提供し，その機能を利用して管内自治体が自らオープンデータをアップロードするタイプ”が最も有望であることを示した． 第5章では，より深く地方公共団体のオープンデータ推進の現状を解明する．先進自治体にインタビュー調査を実施したうえで，総務省が実施したアンケート調査結果を再分析し，自治体の人口規模の際により，オープンデータの公開状況に生じる違いについて定量的に検証した．その結果，①地方公共団体のオープンデータ推進には当該団体の人口規模が大きく関係していること，②現状では従来からのホームページサイトと，新たなオープンデータサイトが混在していて，「データの重複に伴う問題」が存在すること，の2点を明らかにした． 第6章では，オープンデータ・エコシステムの枠組みを用いて，わが国のオープンデータを取り巻く世界を描出し，新たに”データ仲介者”という活動主体を取り入れたモデルを提案した．従来，行政には専ら”データ提供者”の立場が求められてきたが，”データ仲介者”の立場を主体的に採ることで，少ないリソースでも付加価値を高めたデータを公開できることを示した．このことを山口県庁での社会指標を対象にした実験で検証した． 第7章では，情報・知識への返還を通じて公開データの価値を高め，政策の提言や評価に繋げることが可能であるかの検証を行った．具体的には，産業連関表を用いた「簡便差分法」という手法を提案し，ソフトウェア系IT企業が都市部に偏在する特徴が，地方公共団体のデジタル化投資の経済効果にどのような影響を及ぼすかを分析した．その結果，IT産業の立地が少ない地方公共団体では，経済波及効果の相当規模が域外に漏出してしまうことを明らかにした．この情報は政策評価に繋がる可能性を持つ． 最後に，第8章で，本論文の総括として，各章の成果をまとめ，今後の課題を論じた．

Many infrastructures constructed in the period of high economic growth are currently deteriorated and need renewal / repair. Considering the future situation, new-build infrastructures should be more durable, so the use of high-strength materials capable of reducing maintenance and management costs is preferable. A suitable construction material for the future situation is an ultra-high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete (UFC). General UFCs are cured under high temperature (at 90℃ for 48 hours). Most UFC members are often made in precast-concrete factories with dedicated curing facilities. A UFC manufacturable at general ready-mixed concrete plants has been required for various constructions using cast-in-placed concrete. The study focused on the mixture design and the manufacturing method of UFC without heat-curing. The targeted strength of the UFC was 200 N/mm^2 at the concrete age of 28 days. To achieve the required performance for UFC, the experimental study was designed and conducted. The thesis consists of seven chapters, and the content of each chapter is as follows: Chapter 1 "Introduction" shows the social concern in Japan, such as the present conditions of infrastructures. In addition, the chapter summarizes the transition of high strength concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete. The research background and the purpose of this study are described in this chapter. Chapter 2 "Previous studies" shows the review of previous studies dealing with investigations on UFC. In addition, the chapter clarifies the problem of UFC manufacturing by referring to the previous studies. Chapter 3 "Mixture design", the materials and mixture proportions required for the UHPC manufacturable under ambient temperature conditions were investigated. Five types of cement and four types of powder materials were tested, as well as the fine aggregate needed to achieve proper fluidity, fiber dispersibility and strength. To achieve the appropriate flowability and adequate strength, the cement having low C_3A and high C_3S was suitable for the UHPC manufacturable at ambient temperatures. Furthermore, the mortar with W/B of 21% achieved 200 N/mm^2 at 28 days, so it can be designed as the maximum W/B for the UFC. The test result confirmed that allowable fine aggregate volume was lower than 600 kg/m^3 to obtain proper dispersion of steel fibers. Chapter 4 "Material properties and durability of hardened UFC", the hardening material properties and durability of the UFC designed in Chapter 2 were examined. The result confirmed that the UFC achieved 196 N/mm^2 at the age of 28 days. The UFC exhibited an excellent cracking strength and tensile strength which were almost equivalent strength of the conventional UFC. In addition, the UFC indicated excellent resistances to various degradation effects, such as neutralization, freezing and thawing, permeability of chloride ions, and sulfate attack. On the other hand, the UFC had low resistance to sulfuric acid and large autogenous shrinkage strain. The properties should be considered in the application of prestressed concrete owing to the loss of prestress. Chapter 5 "Manufacturing method in RMC plant" reports the manufacturing methods at the ready-mixed concrete (RMC) plant. The result confirmed that UFC can be manufactured at a general RMC plant, the equipment although mixing time varies owing to the mixer capacity. In addition, the mixing methods of steel fibers were compared. Owing to the high viscosity of the UFC, undischarged UFC from the truck was approximately 190 L, which was extremely higher than ordinary concrete (80 L). The compressive strength of UFC using several types of fine aggregate were examined. The result suggested that the evaluation of the properties of fine aggregates in the UFC is necessary for the practical use. Chapter 6 "Practical applications of UFC" verifies the applicability of UFC of at sites. The result confirmed that the mixing-load increased in proportion to the mixing volume, the maximum mixing volume was identified as 80% of the capacity of mixer. The results showed that the UFC made in a RMC plant indicated stable fresh and strength properties for a few months. Furthermore, the production of UFC with onboard mixers was tested. The result confirmed that the method reduced the material-loss during transportation. The surface-finish of UFC was also evaluated by comparing the results obtained from a soil hardness tester. Moreover, the heat curing conditions of UFC were investigated. The result confirmed that the highest temperature and the curing time for the heat curing were lower and shorter than the standard heat curing (at 90℃ for 48 hours), respectively. Chapter 7 "Conclusions" presents the remarkable conclusions in this study and further research for the practical application of the UFC.

近年、イヌ・ネコ・フェレットといった様々な動物が愛玩動物として飼育されており、ヒトと同様に多様な感染症に罹ることが知られている。愛玩動物における感染症の治療法や診断法を確立することはOne Healthの観点でも重要で、ヒトの健康の維持に直結するような公衆衛生上重要な課題である。ネコヘルペスウイルス1（FHV-1）は猫ウイルス性鼻気管炎の原因となるヘルペスウイルスとして知られ、上部呼吸器症状や流産などを引き起こす。インフルエンザAウイルス（IAV）は人において呼吸器症状を引き起こす季節性のウイルスとして知られ、イヌ・ネコ・ブタといった様々な動物に感染することが知られている。季節性のIAV以外にも、動物の体内で生まれる遺伝子再集合体のパンデミックも問題となる。本研究では、愛玩動物に感染が認められる上記の2種類のウイルスを解析し、FHV-1の新規治療薬の提案とIAVの診断法の確立を目的とし、全2章で構成された。

オメガ3長鎖多価不飽和脂肪酸(ω-3)は海産魚や魚油に含まれる必須脂肪酸で、抗炎症効果を有することから非感染性ぶどう膜炎の有効な治療になる可能性がある。多くのぶどう膜炎でみられる獲得免疫による炎症反応は、樹状細胞（DC）、マクロファージ、およびBリンパ球を含む抗原提示細胞(APC)による抗原提示から開始され、炎症のトリガーとして重要である。これまでに我々はω-3長鎖多価不飽和脂肪酸（LCPUFA）が、実験的自己免疫性ぶどう膜炎モデル（EAU）の眼炎症を抑制することを示した。今回、ω-3によるEAUの抗炎症効果に対する APCの関与を検討し、その作用機構について解析した。 C57BL/6マウスに等カロリーに調整したω-3もしくはω-6を含有した餌で給餌し、安楽死後に回収した脾臓細胞をマイトマイシンC処理してAPCを調整した。これらをEAU誘導したマウスから単離したCD4陽性T細胞と共培養し、種々の炎症性サイトカインの発現量および3H-チミジン取り込み量を指標とした増殖能を評価した。次にω-3群のAPCをDC、マクロファージ、B細胞を含む残りの細胞群（B細胞他）に分離し、ω-3の炎症作用を担当する細胞を探索した。続いて、ω-3で賦活化したDCによる抗炎症効果を検討するため、ω-3群のDCを単離し、EAUを誘導したマウスにAdoptive transfer(養子細胞移植)し、臨床および組織学的スコアを評価した。最後にω-3がDCに直接作用して抗炎症効果を発揮するか否かを検討した。 C57BL/6由来DCとBALB/c由来CD4陽性T細胞を混合培養して混合リンパ球反応MLR(mixed lymphocyte reaction)を誘導した培養系に、代表的なω-3脂肪酸であるDHAおよびEPAを投与し、T細胞増殖能を評価した。 ω-3群のAPCは、ω-6群に比較してIFN-γ、IL-17の発現量およびT細胞増殖能を有意に低下した。その抗炎症効果はAPCから単離したマクロファージやB細胞他ではみられず、DCのみで保存された。さらに、ω-3群のDCをAdoptive transferしたEAUマウスでは、炎症スコアが有意に低下した。DHA・EPAで賦活化したDCはMLRによるT細胞増殖能を有意に抑制した。 以上より、ω-3の経口摂取によるEAUの眼炎症抑制効果は、APC、特にDCを介在して発揮されることが示された。

ラット坐骨神経結紮モデル（SNL）は最も一般的に神経障害性疼痛の実験に用いられるモデルラットであり、運動麻痺を生じないことでも知られている。神経障害性疼痛モデルの疼痛評価にはこれまでフォンフレイテスト（機械的アロディニア評価）と熱刺激回避テストが用いられてきた。しかしこれらのテストは臨床で用いられる神経学的検査とは全く異なる手法での評価である。神経障害性疼痛を有する患者では、両下肢の協調運動が乱れ，歩行時の下肢の動きに左右差を生じていることが多い。本研究において、私達はヒトと同様な疼痛行動や疼痛に伴う歩行障害などが実際には生じているのではないかと考え、三次元歩行解析を行いて本モデルの関節の動きや歩行時の動態解析を行った。今回の解析にはキネマトレーサーシステムを用いた。 機械的アロディニアに関するSNLの効果として術後１週間から８週間にわたり、回避行動閾値の47±6.1％の低下を認めた。ＳNLラットにおける股関節・膝関節・足関節のマーカーの矢状面の軌跡は歩行中に大きな変動を認めた。歩行中の不安定性を示す患側左股関節・膝関節の上下端の高低差は、SNLラットでほうが有意に大きかった。歩行パターンを示す、両足同時接地時間はSNLラットのほうが有意に長い結果であった。左右下肢の協調運動を評価するため、両下肢の歩行周期時間も計測した。歩行周期の左右差を示す左右比は、コントロール群のラットでは1.0±0.08と左右差がほぼないのに比較し、SNLラットでは0.62±0.15と有意に左右下肢の歩行周期が異なることが示唆された。 フォンフレイテストや熱刺激回避テストは臨床現場で使用されることのない疼痛機能評価であるが、こうした新しい三次元歩行動態解析技術を用いることができれば、神経障害性疼痛患者における疼痛行動も、定量的かつ数値化して示すことが可能になる可能性について示すことができた。従来の神経障害性疼痛モデルにおける、疼痛機能評価に関する臨床と実験モデルの大きなかけ離れについての問題点を解決し、将来的にはヒトでの機能評価にも応用できる新しい三次元歩行動態解析技術について報告し、実際のラット坐骨神経結紮モデルでのデータを示した。

新規ヒトin vitroおよびex vivo BBBモデル，in vivo モデルを用いて，NMOSDの病態生理とサトラリズマブの作用機序を，BBB破綻の点から検討した．血管内皮細胞に対するペリサイトおよびアストロサイトの足突起の接触を再現した3層共培養系を構築し，これを用いて静的in vitroモデルおよび流速負荷型ex vivoモデルを作製した．これらのBBBモデルを使用し，バリア機能の持続測定，白血球のmigration，NMO-IgGとサトラリズマブのBBB透過性を評価した．In vivo研究では，脊髄中でIL-6が著増するEAEマウスのin vivoでのBBB破綻に対して，マウスIL-6受容体抗体MR16-1が与える効果を評価した．In vitroおよびex vivoでの実験では，NMO-IgGがサトラリズマブおよびNMO-IgGの脳内透過性を亢進させること，サトラリズマブがNMO-IgGが誘導するT細胞のmigrationとBBB破綻を抑制することが示された．In vivo研究では，IL-6シグナル伝達の阻害によって，T細胞の脊髄への浸潤が抑制され，脊髄炎の発症が抑えられた．これらの結果から以下のことが示された．（1）我々が作製した，3層共培養によるin vitroおよびex vivo BBBモデルは，バリア機能，白血球のmigration，脳内移行性を評価するために理想的なBBBモデルである．（2）NMO-IgGは，バリア機能の減弱によってNMO-IgG自身の透過性を亢進し，アストロサイトからのIL-6分泌を誘導し，さらなるバリア機能の障害と細胞浸潤の制御破綻を引き起こす．（3）サトラリズマブは，NMO-IgGの共存下でBBB通過が容易となり，BBB機能障害と炎症細胞浸潤を抑制する結果，NMOSDの発症を予防する．

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) rods fabricated from unidirectional fibers and a polymer matrix strengthen effectively reinforced concrete (RC) members. The pultrusion is a production method of FRP rod. The FRP rods show various advantages, such as light and no-corrosion. Most FRP rods have higher tensile strength than standard steel bars. Therefore, the FRP rods can be used as an alternative reinforcement of steel bars in RC structures. In addition, FRP rods can be applied in near-surface mounted (NSM) systems for strengthening existing concrete structures. The tensile properties of FRP rods in adhesively bonded anchorages are expected to be studied in detail. Numerous experimental studies were conducted on FRP rods made of glass, carbon, aramid, or basalt fibers. The previous studies have reported that the tensile properties of FRP rods are affected by the shear-lag effect. However, these studies referred to the tensile failure, the shear-lag effect of FRP rods as a phenomenon without a mechanical explanation. Moreover, the effects of mechanical properties of fibers, matrix, fiber-matrix interface on FRP rod properties have not been investigated in detail. To quantify factors affecting the tensile properties of FRP rods, this study performed a numerical investigation on aramid FRP rods to assess the shear-lag effect, tensile load-capacity, and tensile strength. In addition, the effects of fiber, matrix, and fiber-matrix interface on the behavior of FRP material in three dimensions were demonstrated by micro-models. Firstly, two representative volume element (RVE) models of fibers and matrix were proposed to predict engineering constants and strengths of the FRP material in three dimensions. Based on the predicted strength, the criteria were designed. Then, the main simulation, including the FRP rod, the filling material, and the steel tube, was carried out to analyze FRP rods under the variation of interfacial conditions between materials, including full-bonding strength and partiallybonding strength models. In the partially-bonding strength model, the interfaces between materials were simulated as cohesive zone models with the variation of bond strengths and fracture energy release rate. A technique called submodeling was applied to enhance the simulation results. The submodel was cut from the main simulation model and only applied to simulate FRP rods with finer meshes. The study proposed a procedure for calculating the stress distribution in any cross-section of an FRP rod. The simulation results agreed well with the previous experimental study. The findings clearly indicated the position of the failure section in which the tensile stress distribution is unequal. The load-capacity, failure modes, shear-lag effect were predicted based on the maximum stress criterion. The results revealed that the FRP material strengths enforce the failure in two modes associated with the transverse and longitudinal directions of FRP rods. In addition, diameter is a significant factor that increases the shear-lag effect and reduces the tensile strength of the FRP rods. The numerical simulation provided a new method to predict the load-capacity of FRP rods. The study consists of 6 chapters. Outline of the chapter was presented as follows: Chapter 1 introduces about kinds of FRP rods and their application in civil engineering. The chapter shows the research objects, the gaps in composite studies, and the scopes of the present research. Chapter 2 summrizes the review of previous studies related to the theoretical studies of the composite materials. The chapter reveales the gap of theory. In addition, the study compares the advantages and disadvantages of previous studies and proposes methods and models for the present study. Chapter 3 presents the simulations of the representative volume element (RVE) models to determine the mechanical properties and strengths of composite materials. The study investigates the effects of the fiber properties and fiber-matrix interface on composite mechanical properties in detail. The RVE-1 model was employed to predict engineering constants of the FRP material. The RVE-2 was applied to predict the tensile and shear strengths in three dimensions. Chapter 4 shows the numerical simulations of the FRP rod tensile tests with various cases of the materials in Chapter 3. The models are built in two cases of the interface between the FRP rod and filling material: full-bonding and partially-bonding strengths. In the case of the full-bonding strength, three models are built with three hypotheses of FRP rod material. Three models, A, B, and C, were proposed to demonstrate the effect of fiber properties on FRP properties. Model A was built based on the hypothesis that the FRP rod is made of transversely isotropic fibers. Model B was made to simulate with an FRP rod of isotropic fibers. Model C assumes the FRP rod as an isotropic material. In the case of the partially-bonding strength, the study models various interface cases between the FRP rod and the filling materials to investigate the bonding effects. The proposed models were applied to simulate FRP rods from D3 to D8 to analyze the diameter effect. In Chapter 5, the difference between the proposed models was discussed to show the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Firstly, the study compared models (A, B, and C) to highlight the effect of fiber properties on FRP rods. Secondly, the study compared the partially-bonding strength and full-bonding strength models to investigate the bonding effects on the tensile properties of FRP rods. Moreover, the chapter illustrates the existence of the shear-lag effect and demonstrates the diameter effect on tensile strength in FRP rods. Chapter 6 summarizes the novel findings and research significance of the study. In addition, recommendations for future works were also presented.

Nutrient pollution is one of our most pervasive, expensive, and challenging environmental problems, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Phosphorus is one of the nutrients that are essential for the growth of living organisms. However, excessive amounts of nutrients released into the environment by human activities can harm ecosystems and impact human health. In surface waters, phosphorus can contribute to an overgrowth of algae called algal "blooms" that can sicken or kill wildlife and endanger aquatic habitats. Algal blooms consume dissolved oxygen in the water, leaving little or no oxygen for fish and other aquatic organisms. Algal blooms can harm aquatic plants by blocking the sunlight they need to grow. Some algae produce toxins and encourage the growth of bacteria that can make people sick who are swimming or drinking water or eating contaminated fish or shellfish. Phosphorus is often a major limiting nutrient freshwater system. Consequently, many of the wastewater treatment plant discharged into freshwater systems such as lakes, ponds, and rivers have phosphorus discharge limits. In an attempt to prevent harmful environmental effects of excess phosphorus, several techniques have been designed to remove phosphorus from wastewater. These techniques range from adsorption and precipitation to enhanced biological phosphorus removal and constructed wetlands. Biological phosphorus removal (BPR) was first used at a few water resource recovery facilities in the late 1960s. A common element in EBPR implementation is the presence of an anaerobic tank (no nitrate and oxygen) before the aeration tank. In the next aerobic phase, these bacteria can accumulate large amounts of polyphosphate in their cells and phosphorus removal is said to be increased. The group of microorganisms that are largely responsible for P removal are known as the phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). One of the options to remove phosphorus is to utilize bacteria from nature, besides being easy to obtain and inexpensive. The application of bacteria from sediment and seawater was able to reduce phosphorus in wastewater. In this study, for screening salt-tolerant phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) and investigating the P release and uptake of the organisms in saline wastewater. The samples used were sediment and seawater from Yamaguchi Bay, Yamaguchi, Japan. Sediment and seawater added 150 mL of artificial saline wastewater with media (anaerobic media). The samples were then cultured and given feed media every three hours day at 25 °C and shaken at 140 rpm. The hydraulic retention time of the cultivation was 16 h and 8 h under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. 10 sponges made of polyurethane with dimensions of 2 cm were put in Erlenmeyer flasks and was used as a bio-carrier surface for microorganisms to adhere to. Water was passed over the sponge surface to acclimatize the microorganisms growing outside the sponge as well as within its pores, ensuring sufficient growth surface. The cultivation duration was 112 days. Batch experiments were conducted over 98 days in solutions with a salinity of 3.5% and P concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg-P/L. The P-uptake ability of microorganisms increased by increasing P concentration from 1 to 20 mg-P/L. A high P removal percentage with an average of 85% was obtained at 10 mg-P/L after day 56. The uptake and release of P were observed in saline wastewater, signifying that salt-tolerant PAOs could grow in the saline solution. Bacterial screening by isolation and sequence analysis using 16S rRNA demonstrated that two cultivated strains, TR1 and MA3, had high similarity with Bacillus sp. and Thioclava sp. EIOx9, respectively. The colony morphology analysis showed that the colonies of TR1 were rod-shaped, milky-colored, round, shiny-viscous, smooth with a defined margin, while colonies of MA3 were cream-colored with smooth surfaces and raised aspect. The TR1 was gram-stain-positive with approximately 6-10 μm long and 1.2 μm wide cells, and MA3 was gram-stain-negative with about 0.9 μm long and 0.5 μm wide cells. The results demonstrated the involvement of Bacillus sp., and Thioclava sp. in the release and uptake of P, owing to their ability to grow in saline wastewater. Furthermore, Bacillus sp. (TR1) and Thioclava sp. (MA3) were assessed for their abiotic adaptability and phosphorus removal efficiency in saline wastewater. The effects of abiotic factors such as carbon source, pH, temperature, and salinity on bacterial growth were examined through a series of batch experiments. Both bacteria used carbon sources such as glucose, sucrose, and CH3COONa for their growth. The pH study indicated that Bacillus sp. (TR1) preferred the pH range of 6 8 and Thioclava sp. (MA3) preferred the pH range of 6-9. Bacillus sp. favorably multiplied in the temperature range of 25- 40 °C, while 25 35 °C was preferred by Thioclava sp. Salinity range of 0% 10% was favorable for TR1, with optimum growth observed at 3.5% 5%, and Thioclava sp. (MA3) preferred the salinity range of 1% 10% with optimal growth at 4%, but was absent in non-saline water. Bacillus sp. and bacterial combination (TR1 and MA3) showed similar values for phosphorus removal efficiency (100%) at 1.0 mg-P/L total P compared to Thioclava sp. (38.2%). The initial phosphorus concentration of 2.5 mg-P / L showed a slightly higher 72.35% P removal efficiency compared to the individual strains. However, phosphorus removal did not increase, but showed a downward trend with increasing at initial phosphorus. The combination possibly built a synergistic activity between the individual strains to remove phosphorus. The results demonstrated that when used individually, Bacillus sp. showed a reasonably high phosphorus removal ability than Thioclava sp., and exhibited good synergy when used in combination to remove phosphorus from saline wastewater.

本研究の目的は、健常人において、血漿中の尿酸値（UA）と分枝鎖アミノ酸および芳香族アミノ酸（BCAAおよびAAA）の濃度の関連を明らかにすることである。 合計2,804人の健常人について、血漿UAレベルに応じて3つのグループに分類した。その3グループ間における、BCAAとAAAの濃度の関連を、分散分析（ANOVA）と共分散分析（ANCOVA）により解析した。 この研究で対象としたすべてのBCAAとAAAの濃度は、トリプトファンを除き、全てがUA濃度の各レベルに応じて、漸進的に有意に増加した（P<0.001）。また、全体として、個々のBCAAおよびAAAについて、最低のカテゴリーの差にくらべ、高いカテゴリーの差の方が、より大きかった。本研究は、血漿中のBCAAおよびAAAと、UAのレベルについて、潜在的に、密接な関係が存在していることを示唆した。今後、それらの間の因果関係および相互作用を解明する研究が必要である。

抗がん剤の副作用である口腔粘膜炎の改善にはエレンタール^(R)は有効であることが報告されている。5-フルオロウラシル (5-FU) の副作用には口腔粘膜炎がある。そこでエレンタール^(R)の中で口腔粘膜炎の改善に最も有用な成分の特定を試みた。マウス（対照群を除く）に5-FUを4日間腹腔内注射し、生理食塩水（対照群、5-FU群）、デキストリン（デキストリン群）、アミノ酸（17AA群）、エレンタール^(R)（エレンタール^(R)群）のいずれかを7日間投与した。

（目的）排卵期の黄体形成ホルモン（LH）サージは、顆粒膜細胞（GCs）において、遺伝子発現や細胞機能の急激な変化を引き起こし、黄体化を誘導する。本研究では、黄体化過程のGCsにおける遺伝子発現の経時的変化と、エピジェネティックな遺伝子発現制御機構に着目し、ゲノムワイドに黄体化過程の遺伝子発現と細胞機能変化を明らかにすること、および遺伝子発現制御や細胞機能変化とヒストン修飾H3K4me3変化の関連性を明らかにすることを目的とした。 （方法）幼若雌マウスにeCG-hCG注射による過排卵刺激を行い、hCG投与前、投与後4時間、12時間の時点でGCsを回収し、RNAシークエンスとH3K4me3抗体を用いたChIPシークエンスを行った。 （結果）RNAシークエンスにより、多数の発現変動遺伝子が同定され、遺伝子発現の時間的変化に応じて8つのパターンに分類された。多くの遺伝子は、hCG刺激後4時間で一過性に発現上昇または低下していた。これらの遺伝子群に関連する細胞機能をGene Ontology解析で調べたところ、ステロイド産生、排卵、卵丘細胞複合体の膨化、血管新生、免疫、活性酸素代謝、炎症反応、脂質代謝、オートファジーが同定された。さらに、DNA修復と細胞サイズの増大という2つの機能がこれまでに報告されていない細胞機能として同定された。ChIPシークエンスにより、黄体化過程ではゲノム全域にわたってH3K4me3が急激に変化し、遺伝子発現に関与することが示唆された。mRNA発現データとH3K4me3のデータを統合解析したところ、H3K4me3はステロイド産生、排卵、COCの拡大、血管新生、炎症反応、免疫、活性酸素代謝、脂質・糖代謝、オートファジー、細胞サイズの調節などに関与することが示唆された。 （結論）LHサージ後の黄体化過程にあるGCsにおいて、遺伝子発現はゲノムワイドに変化し、細胞機能が劇的に変化する。H3K4me3の変化は、これらの急激な遺伝子発現制御に関与し、種々の細胞機能を調節することでGCsの黄体化に寄与する可能性が示された。