Logical structures and case marking systems in Japanese are investigated in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar. Section one summarizes theoretical backgrounds. In section two, transitive, ditransitive, inversion, possessor-raising, causative, direct passive, and indirect passive constructions are discussed. Based on the observations of those structures and synactic behaviors, it is concluded that case marking systems in Japanese are accounted for by referring to logical structures and the notion of ‘pragmatic peak’. Instead of grammatical relations,the combination of semantic argument status in logical structures, syntactic argument/adjunct status, and pragmatics are appropriate to describe case marking systems and syntactic behaviors in Japanese.