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入学時にメンタルヘルス不調を認めた新入生の半年後の精神健康状態を調査したところ、悪化16%、不変36%、改善48%であった。改善の乏しい学生は対人不安や強迫傾向が残存しやすい傾向があり、相談への抵抗感や新生活への不適応を反映している可能性がある。また、大学生活や日常生活のストレスは、精神健康状態の悪化と関連している可能性があると考えられた。対人不安を抱えた学生をどう相談に繋げるかが今後の課題である。

毎年，工学部新入生に入学前に数学学力テスト（数学プレースメントテスト）を行い，学力・理解度に応じてクラス分けを行っている。直近12年間の工学部新入生学力テストの結果をまとめた。毎年約600人の工学部全新入生を数学学力テスト結果から成績上位と下位の二つに分ける。学力下位約25％の学生は入学後週2回の数学授業を受講し学力を高める事になる。平均点は60-80点，3年周期で推移した。学生の得点は概ね7割以上であるが得点分布幅が大きい。また得点が6割以下の学生が約25％であり12年間で変化はなかったことから，クラス分けは概ね妥当であると思われる。令和3年度大学共通テストから入試問題傾向が変更になった。入試問題傾向と数学学力テストの関連について検討してみた。数学学力テストの結果は令和3年度以前と以降の成績とでは有意差は無かった。

コロナ禍で入試広報に大きな変化があった。本稿では入学時調査をもとにコロナ禍前とコロナ禍での進路選択の状況や進路選択におけるコロナの影響と入試広報への接触状況を明らかにする。進路決定時期に志願者が進路選択に迷った時には，大学から発した情報や身近な人からの情報が非常に重要である。入試広報は，大学から発信する情報をいかにして周知するかが課題である。

近年，初等中等教育（特に高等学校教育）において急激かつ大規模にSTEAM教育の導入・普及が制度的にはかられている。高等教育におけるSTEAM教育の導入も揺籃期ではあるが，喫緊の課題となっている。他方で，STEAM教育の導入にあたっては「何を・何のために・どうやって」教育するのかをめぐって（特に「A」の位置づけをめぐって）混乱が生じている。このような状況下で，改めて「STEAM」の概念を問い直し，既存のSTEMに最後に加わったA が他の4 つと同格・同次元の存在ではなく，他の4つに目的を付与する存在であることを明らかにするとともに，高等教育でSTEAM教育を普及させるための方途を探る。方向性としては， カリキュラムの構成原理として、従来のdiscipline basedにproblem basedないしproblem orientedの要素を付加するとともに，最終目標をコンピテンシーの獲得に置くことが考えられる。

障害等のある学生への情報保障として音声認識技術の活用が進んでいる。音声認識技術を有効活用するためには誤変換の対応が重要となる。同時に授業等の情報は音声のみではないことから、他の資料などの情報を的確に組み合わせることで授業情報の理解度は向上するはずである。 本稿では、情報の提示の仕方と理解度の相関関係を確認するためにアンケート形式の検証を実施した。アンケート調査結果と音声認識結果とを組み合わせて分析を行ったところ、情報量と理解度は比例する傾向にはあるものの絶対ではなく、正確な情報を適切な方法で提示する必要性が明らかとなった。加えて、有効な情報提示は、誤認識を補正するためにも有効であると指摘できる。

DXは様々な分野に広がり，その人材育成が大学教育に求められている。DX人材とIT 人材との違いを明確にすることを目的とし，DX の理解ポイントを示した。ここで強調したのは，DX人材が特に身に着けるべきなのはデジタルの知識ではなく社会人基礎力ということである。企業におけるDX事業例を調査し，その調査結果の分類より，DX人材育成教育における事例分析用の教材としてDX推進の段階を提案した。また目的達成のイメージであるDX像を描く方法とその作成のための教材シートを提案した。

The Kuomintang （KMT） initiated nuclear power generation in Taiwan in the 1970s, resulting in three nuclear power plants being built. The debate over building a fourth nuclear power plant became a controversy that divided Taiwan before it was decided by the Democratic Progressive Party （DPP） that all nuclear power plants, including existing ones, would be phased out by 2025. However, once nuclear power plant operations are terminated, developing alternative power sources and promoting energy conservation will become major issues. The Atomic Energy Council（ AEC） is responsible for ensuring that Taiwan Power Company（ Taipower） is compliant with the license conditions throughout the operating license period of the nuclear power plants. Furthermore, the AEC has earned public trust by fulfilling its responsibilities. Taiwan is currently promoting the conversion from nuclear to renewable energy and energy conservation measures with the end of nuclear power plant operations. This study outlines the political process involved in abolishing nuclear power plants and the plans for alternative power sources and energy conservation after nuclear power plants have been shut down.

During the COVID time, international students could not enter Japan easily. Until March 2022, regulation and deregulation for degree course students often changed in Japan. Like tourists, furthermore, non-degree shorter student mobility opened later. For exchange, research, and other short course students, they needed to wait until October 2022 to come to Japan.

目的：アルコール使用障害（Alcohol use disorder: AUD）は治療後も再発率が高く再発を予測する患者の要因は確立されていない。AUDでは衝動制御障害、実行機能障害および意思決定障害が報告されているため、本研究ではそれらを用いてAUDの予後予測因子を前方視的に明らかにすることを目的とした。 方法：20歳から70歳までの入院中のAUD患者41名を対象とした。入院中に、①情動顔go/no-go課題（衝動制御課題）および言語流暢性課題（実行機能課題）中の脳血流活性化の指標である酸素化ヘモグロビン積分値を機能的近赤外分光法（functional nearinfrared spectroscopy: fNIRS）を用いて測定し、さらに②不確実な状況下でのリスク選好課題（意思決定）を行った。退院後6ヶ月の再発の有無を主要アウトカムとした。 結果：退院後、24名（58.5％）が断酒を継続し、17名（41.5％）が再飲酒した。断酒群に比べて再飲酒群では、①情動顔go/no go課題における右前頭側頭領域の活性化が有意に低下し、②意思決定課題では有意にリスク追及的であった。断酒群でのみ、右前頭側頭領域の活性と渇望尺度の間に負の相関が観察された。さらに、退院後6ヶ月の飲酒の有無を従属変数とし、年齢、AUD重症度、発症年齢、右前頭葉領域の酸素化ヘモグロビン積分値及び意思決定課題でのリスク選好の５つの独立変数を用いた2項ロジスティック回帰分析を行い、各独立因子の再発への影響を検討した結果、右前頭側頭領域の酸素化ヘモグロビン積分値が小さいほど（オッズ比＝0.161、p＝0.013）、またリスク追及傾向が強いほど（オッズ比＝7.04、p＝0.033）再発リスクが増加することが示された。 結論：右前頭側頭領域の情動刺激に対する脳血流活性化の低下と、リスク追及傾向が、AUDにおける退院6か月後の再発を予測し得る可能性が示された。

本論文は，申請者が山口大学大学院東アジア研究科在学中において進めてきた，遠隔教育支援環境における授業と学習活動の支援に関する研究をまとめたものである． 人口減少社会の到来により，特に地方において，適正規模での学校運営が難しい小規模の学校が増加傾向にある．小規模校では，きめ細やかな指導等が行える一方で，人間関係が固定化しがちであったり，多様な意見や考え方に触れることが少なくなったりなど，教育上の課題を抱えている．その解決策の１つとして，複数校の児童生徒が1つの学校に集まって合同授業が実施されているが，時間的・金銭的な問題などから実施回数が制限されるケースが多い．この合同授業を補う形で，日進月歩の勢いで進歩しているICT技術を活用した遠隔合同授業の取組みが期待され，教育実践が進められてきている． 一方，小学校や中学校だけでなく，大学などの高等教育機関においてもICTを活用した遠隔教育は進められてきている．さらに，新型コロナウィルス感染症のパンデミックを契機に，小学校・中学校・高校や高等教育機関だけでなく，塾など様々な場でオンライン授業あるいはオンライン学習といった遠隔教育の取り組みも行われてきている． しかしながら，オンライン授業や遠隔合同授業を実践する上では，環境整備面や授業実施面などで課題が存在する．特に，授業実施時における教員の作業負荷が非常に高いことが問題であり，オンライン授業や遠隔合同授業の特性や授業プロセスを踏まえた仕組みの構築や機能の開発が必要となる．さらに，オンライン授業や遠隔合同授業における学習者個人あるいはグループによる学習活動や，教員による教授活動や学習者グループの活動支援のプロセスを分析した上で，その状況に応じた支援手法を検討し，学習支援機能やその機能と連動した授業支援機能を遠隔教育支援ツール・アプリとして提供することが必要となる． そこで本研究では，高校・大学などにおけるオンライン授業や小学校・中学校の小規模校における遠隔合同授業といった遠隔教育を対象にして，校種やICT活用能力に応じた機能や画面に切り替えることができる設計思想を持った，課題解決的な学習が展開される際の学習者の学習活動と教員の教授活動を支援するための遠隔教育支援環境を設計して開発することを目的にする． 本論文では，本研究の目的を達成させるために，以下に示す5つの調査・研究・開発の成果がまとめられている． (1) 遠隔教育の支援環境に関する研究動向の調査 (2) 遠隔教育を支援する環境・機能についての整理と必要機能の提案 (3) 「クラス（学級）」と「個」をつなぐ遠隔教育支援環境「つながる授業アプリ」の開発と評価 (4) 「比べる」協働的思考活動支援機能の開発と評価 (5) グループ学習活動・対話状況確認支援機能とグループ活動状況管理機能の開発と評価 (1)では，遠隔教育に関する研究動向を調査した．これらの整理・分類などを踏まえ，遠隔教育における学習環境，学習支援機能，授業支援機能の研究に対する本研究の位置づけを行った． (2)では，遠隔教育をICTで支援する環境について説明した．さらに，2つのつながり（「クラス（学級）」と「個」）を保障する遠隔教育システムと協働学習支援システムに必要な機能を整理した． (3)では，遠隔教育システムと協働学習支援システムの両方の機能を併せ持つ遠隔教育支援環境「つながる授業アプリ」を設計・開発した．さらに，「つながる授業アプリ」のの有用性を評価し，基本機能を完成させた． (4)では，遠隔合同授業における小学生を対象として，より深い学びを実感できることを目的として，グループ活動時の思考に必要なプロセスを整理し，最も基本的な思考活動の1つである「比較思考」を協働的に進めることができる支援を「つながる授業アプリ」の拡張機能として実装した．「比べる」協働的思考活動支援機能は，「比べる」思考手順を１スライドずつ学習者間の協働的な思考手順として提示して，思考活動プロセスをガイドする仕組みである．さらに，開発した支援機能についてその有用性を評価した． (5)では，大学の遠隔教育を対象にして，グループ学習活動における学習者の対話内容の確認や振り返り，教員による見とりを支援する目的として，対話音声データ（バーバル情報）とノート記述データ（ノンバーバル情報）を活用した活動状況・対話状況の可視化機能を「つながる授業アプリ」の拡張機能として実装した．さらに，教員の見とり支援としてグループ活動状況管理機能も拡張機能として実装し，これらの機能の有用性を評価した． 以上により，オンライン授業が展開でき，学習者の個別学習やグループ学習の活動支援や教員の見とり支援が可能な「つながる授業アプリ」の開発・授業実践を通して，遠隔教育において必要な学習環境の要素機能，学習支援・授業支援の機能を確認することができた．

This dissertation focuses on the experiences of a group of Japanese university students who participated in a short-term study abroad program in the Philippines. While the main objective of the four-week sojourn was to improve the participants’ English language skills, I explored the effects of the trip holistically as a qualitative case study to examine the unique learning context of studying English in the Philippines, a relatively new phenomenon that has developed from the turn of the 21st century. The primary form of data I used was interview responses obtained from 14 focal participants among a larger cohort of 103 students who traveled together in the summer of 2018. The target students were mostly low to intermediate level (CEFR A2 to B1) before departure and returned at a marginally higher benchmark (CEFR B1 average) according to standardized testing scores. More importantly, most students did not have extensive international experience prior to the sojourn, and overall they expressed a more open stance to using English for communication after the trip. In this case and context, positive affective development occurred due to intensive one-on-one instruction with Filipino teachers who interacted with the Japanese students in a warm, friendly, and supportive manner. This learning situation is characteristically different from North American and other Western contexts typically associated with English learning, and with its relative ease of access geographically and financially, offers a practical alternative to Japanese students unable to study abroad otherwise. The results of this study indicate how Japanese learners of English adopt subtle changes in outlook through short-term study abroad programs in diversifying contexts. This research contributes significantly to the field of language learning in study abroad by documenting the perspectives of learners from Japan traveling within Asia. Study abroad itself is a relatively new area of inquiry which has focused predominantly on Western learners and contexts. Existing research on Japanese learners tends to concern privileged, advanced-level learners whose experiences may seem removed from the ordinary lives of students attending university in rural areas or those who do not consider themselves academically or socioeconomically exceptional. Furthermore, the amount of existing research on short-term study abroad is severely limited and does not thoroughly account for the experiences of Japanese learners of English in the Philippines, a study abroad destination which has gained substantial popularity but remains underrepresented. Accounting for the social, cultural, and ideological circumstances of learning in a non-native English speaking context in Asia allows for a more nuanced interpretation of how monolingual Japanese speakers first encounter English as an international language. I collected data in multiple forms to document the complexity of the case. As the participants’ English teacher and chaperone to the Philippines, I was immersed in the learning contexts in the students’ home country as well as abroad. Semi-structured interviews before and after the study abroad experience were conducted in the informants’ native language. Written questionnaires were administered to the larger cohort of students who traveled together to obtain a more general assessment of students’ impressions regarding the study abroad experience. Standardized test scores were accessed for reference. These multiple data sources were drawn on to illustrate the changes observed in the perspectives of the focal informants. While the learning experiences of each informant were unique, I identified common themes among the ways students collectively changed their attitudes and beliefs toward English and language learning through their participation in the short-term study abroad program. First, the learners in this study increased their self-confidence and motivation to learn English and overcame their fear, anxiety, and inhibition toward using English to varying degrees. Second, they expanded their interests in learning about other languages and cultures while becoming more aware of the boundaries of their own culture. Third, their perceived communicative ability in English improved, which they found was not the same as having to perform well on standardized English tests. Fourth, participants’ sense of success in improving their English language proficiency was less certain, reflecting their divergent test score gains on standardized exams. These reported changes in perspective were not lifechanging transformations of learners’ social identities, but their previously constructed views of language, culture, communication, and learning were evidently affected. The qualitative effects of study abroad experienced by the informants of this study cannot be assessed adequately with the language proficiency tests highly regarded in mainstream Japanese society. Language ideologies prevalent in the participants’ home and host contexts for learning need to be considered in order to explain why the changes occurred. The learners in this study initially had an additional affective barrier toward communication in intercultural contexts because they could not take advantage of the widespread use of English as a lingua franca without first making efforts to use English itself. Since they were used to monolingual discourses in Japan, the idea of using English as a lingua franca, not only as a “perfect” native language, had to be presented to them in a reallife situation. The study abroad experience nudged learners toward using English in ways that reflect the Global Englishes paradigm. These slight shifts in mindset are indicative of attitudinal changes gradually taking place within Japan and are not restricted to individuals who identify with international communities.

Not only taste but also flavor has a significant impact on the "deliciousness" of food as perceived by people. Flavor characteristics of food have a significant impact on its palatability and influence the qualitative value of the food itself. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of flavor compounds derived from amino acids in soybean (Glycine max) and fatty acids in mushrooms were elucidated. In Chapter 1, I identified the characteristic aromatic properties of soybean due to sulfur-containing amino acids. Several soybean germplasms, such as Nishiyamahitashi 98-5 (NH) among local varieties in Nagano Prefecture, have an intense seaweed-like flavor after cooking because of their high seed S-methylmethionine (SMM) content. In this study, I compared the amounts of amino acids in the phloem sap, leaves, pods, and seeds between NH and the common soybean cultivar Fukuyutaka. This revealed a comparably higher SMM content alongside a higher free L-methionine (L-Met) content in NH seeds, suggesting that the SMM-hyperaccumulation phenotype of NH soybean was related to L-Met metabolism in seeds. To investigate the molecular mechanism behind SMM hyperaccumulation, I examined the phenotype-associated gene locus in NH plants. Analyses of the quantitative trait loci in segregated offspring of the cross between NH and the common soybean cultivar Williams 82 indicated that one locus on chromosome 10 explains 71.4% of SMM hyperaccumulation. Subsequent fine-mapping revealed that a transposon of about 6 kbp insertion into the intron of a gene, Glyma.10g172700, is associated with the SMM-hyperaccumulation phenotype. The Glyma.10g172700-encoded recombinant protein showed Met-γ-lyase (MGL) activity in vitro, and the transposon-insertion mutation in NH efficiently suppressed Glyma.10g172700 expression in developing seeds. Exogenous administration of L-Met to sections of developing soybean seeds resulted in transient increases in L-Met levels, followed by continuous increases in SMM concentrations, which was likely caused by L-Met methyltransferase activity in the seeds. Accordingly, I propose that the SMM-hyperaccumulation phenotype is caused by suppressed MGL expression in developing soybean seeds, resulting in transient accumulation of L-Met, which is converted into SMM to avoid the harmful effects caused by excess free L-Met. In Chapter 2, I studied the biosynthesis mechanism of 1-octen-3-ol, the main volatile component of mushrooms. 1-Octen-3-ol is a volatile oxylipin found ubiquitously in Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. As 1-octen-3-ol attracts mosquitoes and flies, its involvement in emitter–receiver ecological communication has been proposed. Although the biosynthetic pathway to form 1-octen-3-ol from linoleic acid through linoleic acid 10(S)-hydroperoxide has been proposed in mushrooms, the enzymes involved in this pathway have not been identified. I determined that the Coprinopsis cinerea dioxygenase 1 and 2 (CcDOX1 and CcDOX2) genes in the mushroom C. cinerea contains an N-terminal cyclooxygenase-like heme peroxidase domain and a C-terminal cytochrome P450-related domain. Through analysis of products formed from linoleic acid by the recombinant CcDOX1 and CcDOX2 proteins, I found that CcDOX1 preferentially catalyzes to form the 10(S)-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid (10S-HPODE), meanwhile CcDOX2 form the 8-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid. Moreover, disruption of Ccdox1 in C. cinerea (ΔCcdox1) mycelia suppressed 1-octen-3-ol synthesis. Administration of the 10S-HPODE to the microsome fraction prepared from mycelia resulted in the efficient production of 1-octen-3-ol. Together, these results indicate that CcDOX1 is essential for the biosynthesis of 1-octen-3-ol as the oxygenase that forms 10S-HPODE, followed by the cleavage enzyme. I studied physiological and ecological significance of 1-octen-3-ol of mushroom. ΔCcdox1 was less attractive to fruit fly larvae, while the feeding behavior of fungus gnats on ΔCcdox1 mycelia showed little difference from that on the mycelia of the wild-type strain. The proliferation of fungivorous nematodes on ΔCcdox1 mycelia was similar to or slightly worse than that on wild-type mycelia. Thus, 1-octen-3-ol seems to be an attractive compound for some animals that interact with mushrooms.

In recent years, many reports have been made of damage to reservoir embankments due to frequent heavy rains and earthquakes. “Internal erosion” is the phenomenon in which soil particles move through the pore spaces of embankments and flow out of them because of long-term seepage in the soil structures of reservoirs and river embankments. Internal erosion is classified according to the scale and form of the erosion. “Suffusion” is the phenomenon in which only the fine-grained soil particles move through the pore spaces formed by the coarse-grained soil particles. Suffusion is known to cause an increase in hydraulic conductivity and a decrease in soil bearing capacity. However, the mechanisms and causes of the occurrence and progression of this phenomenon, as well as its effect on soil structures, have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of suffusion on the strength properties of reservoir embankments as well as the mechanism of the progression of suffusion, focusing on the particle size of the eroded soil particles. In Chapter 1, the background of the study and the classification of internal erosion were provided. In Chapter 2, the mechanism of suffusion and its effect on geomaterials, which have been clarified in previous studies, were described. In Chapter 3, the effect of suffusion on the strength properties was firstly investigated by means of soil samples used for the reservoir embankments which were determined to be at risk of suffusion based on an internal stability evaluation. A triaxial compression testing system was established to simulate the suffusion inside each specimen. In the testing system’s apparatus, only the fine particles were able to be discharged from the specimen through a sieve by supplying water. The results showed that changes in the peak and residual strength occurred independent of changes in the void ratio due to suffusion, and that the strength properties differed depending on the presence or absence of suffusion, even when the void ratio was the same as that before shearing. However, since the amount of erosion was small (less than 0.7% of the total), it is considered that the change in strength was influenced by the fine soil particles that moved through the specimen but remained in the specimen without finally flowing out of it. In Chapter 4, in order to define the mechanism of small-scale internal erosion, a method was devised to examine the temporal changes in the size of the discharged soil particles, focusing on the relationship between the concentration and the turbidity of the drainage. The above method was also applied to the drainage obtained by seepage with suffusion in Chapter 3. As a result, the erosion rates were found to correlate with the particle size of the discharged particles. In Chapter 5, a one-dimensional water-passing experiment with suffusion was conducted to investigate in detail the relationship among the flow rate, soil particle discharge, and turbidity of the drainage. The particle size composition of the discharged soil, which varied with the progress of suffusion, was examined using the method described in Chapter 4. The results showed that, under all conditions, the soil particles with smaller diameters were selected from among those that were able to pass through the wire mesh at the outlet boundary and then discharged. It was also found that the particle size composition of the discharged soil changed with time as the suffusion progressed, and that this trend varied greatly depending on the saturation degree of each specimen before the start of permeation. After the completion of the experiment, the particle size composition of the soil samples showed that not only the distribution of the erodible component in the height direction, but also the particle size composition of the erodible component itself became heterogeneous, suggesting that soil particles with smaller particle sizes moved longer distances through the pores. Furthermore, the effect of overburden pressure on the behavior of suffusion under constant hydraulic gradient conditions was explored, and it was revealed that higher overburden pressure resulted in less frequent suffusion when the hydraulic gradient was large. The particle size composition of the discharged soil was examined, and no difference was found among the various levels of overburden pressure. In addition, the progression of suffusion was investigated under a fluctuating hydraulic gradient. The suffusion continued even after 30 cycles of hydraulic gradient variation. The particle size composition of the discharged soil particles showed that the small soil particles, that flow easily, had already been discharged when the specimen was first subjected to permeation force, and that the soil particles discharged by the change in hydraulic gradient were relatively large in diameter. The particle size of the soil particles discharged by suffusion were seen to depend on the conditions surrounding the occurrence of suffusion and the time of the progression. In studies on suffusion, the particle size composition of the soil discharged by suffusion is a significant factor that changes over time and can be used to evaluate the degree of the progression of suffusion.